THE ANCESTOR

A Quarterly Review of County and

Family History, Heraldry

and Antiquities

EDITED BY

OSWALD BARRON F.S.A

NUMBER VIII JANUART 1904

ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & CO LTD

2 WHITEHALL GARDENS

WESTMINSTER S.W

cs

MO At

THE pages ot the ANCESTOR will be open to correspondence dealing with matters within the scope of the review.

Questions will be answered, and advice will be given, as far as may be possible, upon all points relating to the subjects with which the ANCESTOR is concerned.

While the greatest care will be taken of any MSS. which may be submitted for publication, the Editor cannot make him- self responsible for their accidental loss.

All literary communications should be addressed to

THE EDITOR OF THE ANCESTOR 2 WHITEHALL GARDENS

WESTMINSTER S.W

1130186

CONTENTS

THE ANGELO FAMILY. . . . REV. CHARLES SWYWNERTON I

OUR OLDEST FAMILIES : X. THE BERKLEYS . THE EDITOR 73

HUMPHREY CHETHAM ....... W. H. B. BIRD 82

THE BARONS' LETTER TO THE POPE : III. THE SEALS

THE EDITOR 100

THE VANDEPUT FAMILY . . . . N. E. T. BOSANQUET no

ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON ......... 112

HERALDS' COLLEGE AND PRESCRIPTION

W. PALEY BAILDON, F.S.A. 113

EARLY FOURTEENTH CENTURY COSTUME . THE EDITOR 145

CASES FROM THE EARLY CHANCERY PROCEEDINGS

EXUL 167

NOTES ON TWO NEVILL SHIELDS AT SALISBURY

REV. E. E. DORLING 202

WHAT IS BELIEVED .............. 205

A MONTAGU SHIELD AT HAZELBURY BRYAN

REV. E. E. DORLING 215

EDITORIAL NOTES ............... 218

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 222

The Copyright of all the Articles and Illustrations in this Review is strictly reserved

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGt

CATHERINE ANGELO Frontispiece

DOMENICK ANGELO AS A 'FENCER' 12

DOMKNICK ANGELO AS AN OLD MAN 14

ELIZABETH, WIFE OF DOMENICK ANGELO op. 16

ELIZABETH, WIFE OF DOMENICK ANGELO „ 1 8

HENRY ANGELO AS A Boy „ 2Z

HENRY ANGELO I. AS A ' FENCER ' „ 26

GENERAL WILLIAM ST. LEGER) •

\ » 34

JOHN ANGELO OF EDINBURGH J

ANN CAROLINE ANGELO ... .1

FLORELLA SOPHIA ANGELO OF ETON J

MARIE DUBOURGH, WIFE OF JOHN ANGELO ~|

MARTHA BLAND, WIFE OF ANTHONY ANGELO J

MRS. JANE BLAND, MOTHER OF MRS. ANTHONY ANGELO . . „ 68

MRS. RICHARD ANGELO . . . "v

LOUISA OLDFIELD ANGELO V „ 70

COLONEL RICHARD FISHER ANGELOJ

SEALS OF THE BARONS' LETTER. Five plates „ 1 00-8

ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON, FROM A CARVING „ 112

ILLUSTRATIONS OF EARLY XIV. CENTURY COSTUME. Ten plates . ,,148-66

NEVILL SHIELDS FROM GLASS AT SALISBURY „ zoz

MONTAGU SHIELD FROM GLASS AT HAZELBURY BRYAN 216

CATHERINE ANGELO. WIFE OF «ARK DRURY [ Sir- Jnshu* Tt.ynoLJ. 1

THE ANGELO FAMILY

MAN •> told of the families of the emigres

.;land from France and Italy during

the latter half of the eighteenth century, but few exceed in inn the Angelo family. They were Italians. Their

.iame however was not Angelo, but Tremamondo. It is a name suggestive of long descent and the deadly shock of volcanic forces ; it means a tremor of the world ; it implies some sort of universal earthquake. A md ar-

morial bearings, wl theirs

by : t:ou c< ade§u'

sar

lile ...<;' ; : ' •.<••••

>ig 4 motrar

motto, adapted from s vent im*, n

1'remat mundxi. TtiMiK>mirT' ' htmim wuuid probably be

ad to be the name ot a .tsy locality

the volcanic province of Naples, from which the far originally came, and the earliest form of the personal name was doubtless not ' Tremamondo,' but ' di Tremamondo.' Yet whatever their antiquity, whatever their origin in the long- vanished past, whether or not, as alleged by them, descended from one of the Pagani, followers or Tancred in the Holy Wars, in the more recent times of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries this family, like many other families of noble origin, had become identified with the trading an i com- mercial classes, so that now, I under ?t. :ia- mondo U not to be found <• ry. And the earliest member of the N>

'ehr aftc •:> have bcr

us of that fact, because when he first -be

highly conventional w George

(lory of his fame : * a mttdtkm

\ppears to have bee patro-

ind to have used by preference that of his mot who WAS a Malevolti. Thus in his man

as Donunico Angek Malevoltt. Again his » he record of his baptism, is ttated t > be son to

THE ANGELO FAMILY

MANY are the stories told of the families of the emigrh who flocked into England from France and Italy during the latter half of the eighteenth century, but few exceed in interest that of the Angelo family. They were Italians. Their surname however was not Angelo, but Tremamondo. It is a name suggestive of long descent and the deadly shock of volcanic forces ; it means a tremor of the world ; it implies some sort of universal earthquake. And their motto and ar- morial bearings, whether theirs by long inheritance, or theirs by the invention of some modern genealogist, carry out the same idea, being quite in the manner of the ' canting heraldry ' of old time. In direct allusion to the name Tremamondo the shield is azure with a thunderbolt striking a mountain, and the motto, ingeniously adapted from a verse in the Psalms, is Tremat mundus. ' Tremamondo ' however would probably be found to be the name of a more than ordinarily uneasy locality in the volcanic province of Naples, from which the family originally came, and the earliest form of the personal name was doubtless not c Tremamondo,' but ' di Tremamondo.' Yet whatever their antiquity, whatever their origin in the long- vanished past, whether or not, as alleged by them, descended from one of the Pagani, followers of Tancred in the Holy Wars, in the more recent times of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries this family, like many other families of noble origin, had become identified with the trading and com- mercial classes, so that now, I understand, the name Trema- mondo is not to be found on any existing roll of Italian nobility. And the earliest member of the family to settle in England, in or immediately after the year 1753, seems to have been fully conscious of that fact, because when he first burst upon the highly conventional world of George II. 's reign, in all the glory of his fame and skill as a matchless fencer and rider, he appears to have been curiously oblivious of his own patro- nymic, and to have used by preference that of his mother who was a Malevolti. Thus in his marriage register he is entered as Domenico Angelo Malevolti. Again his son Henry, in the record of his baptism, is stated to be son to Angelo

2 THE ANCESTOR

Domenico Malevolti. And later on, when he was one of the best known men in London, the inscription engraved on the three-bottle silver goblet which was given to him by Garrick was — Pegno d"amicizia di David Garrick al suo amico Angela Male- volti.1 Even in his son's account of him he figures gloriously as Dominica Angela Malevolti Tremamondo? But a different story presents itself when we turn to the Rate Books of St. James', Westminster, and of St. Ann's, Soho. In those formal business documents the name Malevolti does not come in at all. In them he is entered as Dominica Angela Tremamondo, or else as Domenick Angela merely. Again, when he witnesses his daughter Caroline's marriage in 1785, he writes his own name D. Angela Tremamondo. Yet again, when witnessing the marriage register of his daughter Catherine in 1790, he writes the simple name Dom" Angela. In the midst of all this confusion we are driven to his own baptismal register in the cathedral church of Leg- horn, where the secret is disclosed, and we find that his full, true, and undoubted name was Angiolo Domenico Maria Trema- mondo. Such a tremendous name as this however was found to be quite unmanageable. So, for practical purposes, acting also under the advice of Lord Pembroke, and others ot his patrons, he gradually, as the records prove, discarded both the names Malevolti and Tremamondo, and fell back on his first Christian name Angelo as a convenient and suitable sur- name. Hence ' Angelo,' standing severely alone, is the one name appended to the dedication of his superb volume on the art of fencing, and hence also among the public generally from King George III. down to the humblest stable-boy in his manage, Angelo is the name by which he and his brethren were known then, and the name by which they and their de- scendants are known at the present day.

I. ANGIOLO, or ANGELO DOMENICK MARIA TREMA- MONDO was the son of a prosperous merchant of the Via Giardino in Leghorn, having been the eldest of six brothers born in that city to James Tremamondo and Catherine Angiola Malevolti his wife, a daughter of Nicolas Malevolti of the same place. Evidently he derived his first Christian name Angelo from his mother, as he derived his second (Domenico) from his grandfather and his third (Maria) from his godfather, and from his mother therefore came also that surname Angelo

1 Henry Angelo's Reminitcences, 1828. * Ibid.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 3

which is now the common property of all his descendants both direct and collateral. He was born on 6 February, 1717, and baptized in the cathedral church the next day. His father James Tremamondo was a native and a citizen of Foggia in the kingdom of Naples and a son of Domenick Tremamondo of the same city and province. His godfather was Francis Maria Lorenzi.1 His younger brothers, five in number, were Francis Xavier, born 4 December, 1720; Joseph, born 13 November, 1721 ; John Xavier, born 22 September, 1723 ; Leonard Maria, born 6 September, 1725 ; and Sante Gaetano, born i November, 1732. There were also several sisters, of whom one, Santa Catherina, ultimately became the superior of a convent in or near Florence.3 An inspection of the registers given below indicates that, of the brothers, one, Joseph, died on the day of his birth, because he was hurriedly baptized the same day, his sponsor being apparently the surgeon in attend- ance, the 'Excellent Signer Doctor John Batta Gameno.' It is also more than likely that as Santa Catherina became a nun, so Sante Gaetano was destined for and became a priest or a monk. I shall also give reason presently for suspecting that John Xavier the fourth son died before the descent of the Angelos on England, and that the second son, Francis Xavier, coming to England, assumed the name John in lieu of his own, Francis. There would remain therefore only three brothers to account for. All these three, namely Angelo Domenick of whom we are now treating, John Xavier, and Leonard Maria, ultimately found their way to England.

In view of the claim of the family that they are descendants of the Malevolti through Catherine Angela Malevolti, it may be well to say here a few words upon that illustrious stock.

According to some authorities ' the most noble family of Malavolti ' was by origin French, and came to Italy with Charlemagne. Others say that they were originally Bolognese, adding that between Bologna and the Appennines there is a place very delicious called Malavolti, and that in the churches of St. Domenick and St. Francis in Bologna are many monu- ments of the Malavolti. But Gigli argues that the Mala- volti were in Sienna before the others were in existence, and that therefore either there were two families, or a member of the Malavolti went and settled in Bologna. He also states

1 See infra. * Angclo's Reminiictnces and Family Traditions.

4 THE ANCESTOR

that the family had their habitation in a gloomy valley near Sienna, full of robbers, and so called Malavolti. Noble Frenchmen were on guard there, and five castles were erected which were also called Malavolti, and the hill too began to be called // Poggio di Malavolti, retaining that name to the present day. They made of themselves an illustrious family which in time rose to great power and wealth. ' Furono le mitre, e i grandi militari, e togati quasi domestici nella schiatta de' Malavolti.' They divided into three branches, first the Malavolti Orlandi, next the Malavolti Egidei or Gigliensi, so called from having built a church in that region to St. Egidius,1 and thirdly, Malavolti Fortebracci, who on account of the castle of Selvoli which they captured were called Selvolesi. In Sienna the Malavolti had three castles and a magnificent loggia."

So much for the Malevolti family. To return to Domenick Angelo — the following evidences from the Leghorn Cathedral constitute our earliest notices of the Tremamondos : —

(i) MARRIAGE

PARROCHIA DELLA CATTEDRALE.

Livorno, 7 Luglio, 1899.

Attesto io sottoscritto Parroco della Chiesa Cattedrale che dai Registri di Matrimonio apparisce come il di 3 Decembre, 1713, contrassero il S. Matri- monio in Fade Ecclesia, Jacopo d[i] Domenico Tremamondi di Foggia g[ia] m[orto] dimorante con Caterina Angela d' g[ia] m[orto] Niccolo Malevolti di Livorno essendo present! e testimoni Andrea di Domenico Cerboni di Lucca e Ippolito di Luca Sperandio di Livorno. In fede, etc.

Translation : —

PARISH OF THE CATHEDRAL.

Leghorn, 7 July, 1 899.

I the undersigned parish priest of the Cathedral Church attest that by the registers of marriage it appears that on the 3 December, 1713, there con- tracted Holy Matrimony in the face of the church, James, son of Domenick Tremamondi of Foggia, a late deceased resident, with Catherine Angela,

1 Giles.

8 Gigli's Diane Sanese (1723), »• H7~54' There is also a long account of the achievements of this family in the Gdleria del I'Onore, Forli, 1735. But for the fixed idea in the Angelo family that there is a missing Tretnamonde marquisate somewhere in the kingdom of Naples, I should feel inclined to trace the tradition rather to their alleged descent from the Malevolti.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 5

daughter of the late Nicolas Malevolti of Leghorn, present and witnesses being Andrew son of Domenick Cerboni of Lucca and Ippolito son of Luke Sperandio of Leghorn.

In fede, etc.

Archivio della Cattedrale di Livorno.

SAC VITTORIO PHILIPPO CAPPI" C°.

(2) SIX BAPTISMS

Livorno a di 3 di Magzio, 1899.

Attestasi da me infr.*0 Parroco della Cattedrale che dal Libro del Battez- zati dell'Anno 1717 resulta che il di 6 Febhaio, 1717, nacque Angiolo Domenico Maria d' Giacomo d' Domenico Tremamondi d' Foggia Regno d' Napoli e d' Da Lattno Angiola d. g. m. Niccolo Malevolti d* Livomi emuz, fu Battezzato il di 7 Febhaio, 1 7 1 7, e fu compare Francesco M" Lorenzi.

In fede di ec.

Archivio della Cattedrale di Livorno.

Livorno a di 13 di Maggio, 1899.

Attestasi da me infr.10 Parroco della Cattedrale che dal Libro dei Battez- zati dell'Anno 1720 resulta che il di 4 Decembre, 1720, nacque Franco Xaverio d' Giacomo g.m. Domenico Tremamondo e d' Cat* Angelo g.m. Niccolo Manivolti coniugi fu Battezzato il di 5 Xmbre, 1720, e fu compare Giovanni Simondri. In fede di ec. Archivio della Cattedrale di Livorno.

JAC ABDAN BONFIGLIOLI,

Ve Parroco.

Livorno a di 1 3 di Maggio, 1 899.

Attestasi da me infr.' Parroco della Cattedrale che dal Libro dei Battezzati dell'Anno 1721 resulta che il di 13 Novembre, 1721, nacque Guiseppe d' Giacomo g.m. Domenico Tremamondo e d' Cat" Ang* g.m. Niccolo Malevolti coniugi fu Battezzato il di 13 Nov. 1721, e fu compare Ecc* Sig. Dott. Gio. Batta Gameno. In fede di ec. Archivio della Cattedrale di Livorno.

JAC ABDAN BONPIGLIOLI,

V6 Parroco.

Livorno a di 13 di Maggio, 1899.

Attestasi da me infr.'0 Parroco della Cattedrale che dal Libro dei Battezzati dell'Anno 1723 resulta che il di 22 Settembre, 1723, nacque Gio. Xaverio d' Giacomo g.m. Domco Tremamondo e d' Cat0 Angelo g.m. Niccolo Malevolti coniugi fu Battezzato il di 23 Sett., 1723, e fu compare O. Moriondi. In fede di ec. Archivio della Cattedrale di Livorno.

JAC ABDAN BONFIGLIOLI,

V Parroco.

6 THE ANCESTOR

Livorno a di 13 di Maggio, 1899.

Attestasi da me infr.to Parroco della Cattedrale che dal Libro del Battezzati dell' Anno 1727 resulta che il di 6 Settembre, 1725, nacque Leonardo Ma d' Giacomo g.m. Domenico Trema Mondo e d' Cat3 Angla g.m. Niccolo Manevolti coniugi fa Battczzato il di 9 Sett., 1725, e fu compare Leonaldo Cemmellini.

In fede di ec.

Archivio della Cattedrale di Livorno.

JAC ABDAN BONFIGLIOLI,

Vc Parroco.

Livorno a di 13 di Maggio, 1899.

Attestasi da me infr.M Parroco della Cattedrale che dal Libro dei Battezzati dell' Anno, 1732, resulta che il di I Novembre, 1732, nacque Sand Gaetano d' Giacomo g.m. Domenico Tremamondo e di Caterina Angiola g.m. Niccolo Manevolti coniugi fu Battezzato il di 2 grnbre, 1723, e fu compare Carlo Piccario.

In fede di ec.

Archivio della Cattedrale di Livorno.

JAC ABDAN BONFIGLIOLI,

Ve Parroco.

These evidences afford the following descent : — PEDIGREE I.

Domenick Tremamondo=Wife of Foggia

James Tremamondo=Catherine Angela

of Foggia and then I d. ofJNicolaa Maleyolti

of Leghorn I of Leghorn, married 1713

Angelo Domenick Maria,	T Francis Xavier,	Joseph, John Xavier,
b. 1717	b. 1720	b. 1721 b. 1723
		(d. ,72.)
	1	1
	Leonard Maria,	Sante Gaetano,
	b. 1725	b. 1732. Probably
		a priest

The three members of this family who afterwards visited England, but especially the eldest, Angelo Domenick, became widely celebrated as masters in the arts of both riding and fencing. Of such exceptional skill as was theirs the founda- tions surely must have been laid very early in life, and it is a fair hypothesis to assume that from boyhood they were placed in the hands of capable instructors. In point of fact there

THE ANGELO FAMILY 7

was then living in Leghorn the very man for the purpose. This was Andrew Gianbaldoni of Pisa, renowned as a fencing master, who kept a fencing school at Leghorn, at which city his far more famous son Joseph, whose tragic fate at Lyons aroused the sympathy of all Europe, was born on 6 January, 1739. Under Gianbaldoni we can imagine the 'Angelo' brothers gradually acquiring some of the marvellous power which afterwards distinguished them, and when they had qualified in Gianbaldoni's school we can imagine them going forth on their travels to other centres famous for other maltres d" escrime. Domenick certainly did so, as we learn from his son's Reminiscences. He visited various capitals, probably Florence, Turin, Milan, Naples and Rome, and he lived for a time at Venice, where, having also studied painting himself,1 he was inti- mate with Canaletto. At the age of twenty-seven, or thereabouts, he came to Paris,1 where he is said to have spent ten years in close study of the art of fence under various masters of the Academic, but especially the elder Teillagory, with whom also he constantly rode in the manage. That master was one of the most celebrated swordsmen of the age. He was likewise the most scientific horseman in Europe, and occupied as prominent a place in the Manage Royal as he did in the Academic d ' Armes? In better hands for both riding and fencing the ' Angelos ' (for I believe the brothers kept together) could not have been. There also Domenick became a protege of the Duke de Nivernais, that amiable and cour- teous nobleman who subsequently visited this country at the close of the Seven Years' War in the character of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary from His Most Christian Majesty Louis XV.4

From Paris ' Domenick Angelo ' passed on to London, where he founded that celebrated family of masters which made the ' Angelo School of Arms ' a household word among men of fashion in the days of our grandsires.5 It is not my intention however to make mention of all the recorded episodes which distinguished the career of the elder Angelo, as he came to be called. For them the reader should consult his son Henry's Reminiscences, Angela's Pic-nic, the Dictionary of

' My father imbibed an early penchant for the fine arts, particularly for painting ' (H. A.'s Reminiscences).

3 Circa 1743. * History of the Stoord.

* Austin Dobson in Longman's, * History of the Stoord.

8 THE ANCESTOR

National Biography, and articles in various magazines, includ- ing the Parish Magazine of St. Anne's, Soho, For March and April, 1902. The more important passages in his life how- ever will bear re-stating, and of all stories connected with him there is not one more characteristic perhaps of the man, and not one certainly more characteristic of the age, than the account which his son Henry has preserved to us of the romantic accident which took from Paris and gave to London his interesting personality. The occasion was a public assault of arms at one of the great bfoels of the pre-revolutionary Paris, in which 'Angelo,' with his tall straight figure1 and winning address, took a conspicuous part. Among the guests assembled sat Mrs. Margaret Woffington, then at the zenith of her beauty and fame as woman and actress. Her dis- criminating fancy was caught by the graceful person not less than by the skill of the handsome Italian, and she fell in love with him. Stepping forward, she gave him a bunch of roses, which she detached from her own bosom, and which Angelo gaily pinned on his left breast, declaring that he would defend it against a world in arms. He justified his statement, for in no encounter was a petal disturbed, and when the assault closed he received the reward said to belong only to the brave — the smile of fair lady. It was the turning point in his career. Peg Woffington induced him to try his fortunes in London. They drove in the same coach together to the coast, victrix and vanquished, and crossed in the same vessel to England. After a brief stay in London they visited Dublin, where Angelo formed a friendship with the Sheridans, and where he also met Arthur Murphy the dramatist. Thence in due time they returned to London and there lived, re- maining fast friends for two years, at the end of which period ' Angelo ' married.

It was to Peg Woffington herself, one of the most gener- ous and unselfish of women, that Domenick Angelo was in- debted for his wife. The story has been often told. The two, Angelo and Mrs. Woffington, were together one evening at the play, when Angelo's attention was directed to a young Irish lady* sitting with her mother in a neighbouring box.

1 ' My father (at Court), as I have heard, went by the title of Chevalier Perpendicular ' (Reminiscences).

a ' My mother was a native of that dear little island ' (Angtlo'i Pic-nie, P- *93)-

THE ANGELO FAMILY 9

' She has the face of an angel ! ' said Mrs. Woffington, who appears to have known her before, and who advised the ardent Italian to pay court to and to marry her. Fortune smiled on him, and his suit was successful. The lady was very young, not more than seventeen, her name was Elizabeth Johnson, and she was a step-daughter of a Captain Master of the Royal Navy, then deceased, who had once been in command of the Chester.1 They were married on 25 February, 1755, by archbishop's licence, at St. George's, Hanover Square, and the following is a copy of the marriage entry : —

MARRIAGE. — Domenick Angelo Malevolti, Esqr., of this Parish, Batchelor, and Elizabeth Johnson, Spinster, a Minor of this parish, by and with the consent of Elizabeth Master, formerly Johnson, wid : the natural and lawful mother of the said Elizabeth, the Minor, were married in this Church by Licence of the Archbishop of Canterbury this twenty-fourth day of February, in the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and fifty-five, by me James Trebeck, A.M. Clerk in Orders.

This marriage was solemnized ) DOMENICO ANCELO MALEVOLTI.

between us J ELIZ™. JOHNSON.

In the presence of

ELI™. JOHNSON. J. MORRIS.*

Elizabeth Johnson was one of the beauties of the time, and in 1760, when she was twenty-two, her picture was painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds.3 This picture remained with her descendants till recently, when it found its way to Christie's, where for £800 it fell into the hands of a Mr. Yerkes, an American, who took it to New York.

Elizabeth Johnson's father was probably a naval officer like her step-father, and she is said to have been related to Admiral Byng. ' All my mother's relations,' says her son Henry in his Reminiscences, ' were brought up to the sea, and, from her information, she was related to Admiral Byng.' The following brief pedigree (which however I have not verified) might afford the clue to the exact relationship, and it will be observed that, curiously enough, both her father's name, ' Johnson,' and her step-father's name, ' Master,' occur in it : —

1 Henry Angelo's Reminiscences.

» John Morris, a friend of the Masters, and a distinguished naval omcer, who, when in commend of the Bristol, was mortally wounded in the unsuc- cessful attack on Sullivan's Island, off Charlestown, on 28 June, 1776. His son was the more famous Vice-Admiral Sir James Nicoll Morris (D.N.B.)

1 Leslie and Taylor's Life and Times of Sir Joshua Reynolds.

io THE ANCESTOR

PEDIGREE 2.

John Byng of= Philadelphia Johnion

Wrotham, I d. of — Johnson of Loam, Surrey,

Kent I and lister of Colonel Johnion

lit Viscount Torrington = Margaret

(George Byng), 1663-1733

d. of Jamel Mailer of East Langdon, Kent, d. 1756

Admiral Byng [John), 4th son

In this connection the following extract is also curious : 1 DEATH. Mrs. Masters, Ann, aet. 8 6, Aunt to Admiral Byng ' (G.M. for 1757, p. I69).1

On the off-chance that here we have Elizabeth Johnson's father and mother, the following note of a marriage may be also recorded for future inquiry : * Richard Johnson and Elizabeth Harvey married at St. George's, Hanover Square, 1728.'

It was as a teacher of the * Art of Equitation,' to adopt Henry Angelo's description, that Domenick Angelo first became famous after his descent on England. His success was marvellously rapid. After a performance in the presence of George II., that monarch declared that ' Mr. Angelo was the most elegant rider in Europe.' Among his early patrons was the Duke of Queensberry, whose friendship he owed to the Duchess' attachment to his wife, as to which Henry Angelo writes : ' The Duchess of Queensberry had honoured my grandmother with her friendly notice for many years, and the same to my mother from the time she could first lisp her grace's name.' Of infinitely greater service to him, however, was the friendship of Henry Herbert, tenth Earl of Pem- broke, who became warmly attached to him. Lord Pembroke was then (1754) only nineteen or twenty years of age. He was a very rising and most zealous officer, devoted to horses, and a great favourite at Court. He started a private manage of his own at his house in Whitehall and another close to his seat of Wilton near Salisbury, and Angelo became his tcuyer. Angelo's principles he approved, studied, and practised ; he became his disciple ; 2 and when he assumed command of

1 In the evidences Master and Masters seem to be used interchangeably. * With Angelo, Pembroke had taken much pains To keep a good seat and to handle the reins.

(SyuiA of the timt.)

THE ANGELO FAMILY n

Elliot's Light Horse (now the 1 5th Hussars), the crack regi- ment of the time, he persuaded Angelo to take a house at Wilton and to undertake the training of a select number of riding instructors from the regiment. Some of Angelo's principles he afterwards embodied in his Method of Breaking Hones (1762), becoming in time quite an authority himself in the art of riding in the army. It is important to take note of these facts, namely (i) Angelo's intimacy with Lord Pem- broke, and (2) Angelo's connection with the British Army. For a time he was practically Riding Master to the Army,1 and the principles which he introduced, approved by Lord Pem- broke, of riding, breaking, and training horses, were those which were followed throughout the whole of the Cavalry Service. In connection with this matter it is interesting to find, as a detail, that Philip Astley, afterwards to be so famous for his riding in his own amphitheatre, was one of the troopers who came under Angelo's training at Wilton.

In 1755 Domenick Angelo was described as a resident in the parish of St. George's, Hanover Square (marriage register). In 1758 he was the tenant of a house in St. James' Place, parish of St. James', and the following extract from the Rate Books of St. James' shows it : —

St. James Place. 1758 | Domenico Angelo2 | II | £30 | £i $t.

The meaning of this mysterious entry is that in 1758 Dom- enick Angelo had a house in St. James' Place, the rateable value of which was £30 a year, that he owed for two quarters C II ')> tne sum due for the two quarters being £i 5*., making his full rate for the year £2 ios., being is. %d. in the £. If the rate was levied on five-sixths of his rent, his true rent must have been £36.

Probably Domenick Angelo did not remain at St. James' Place more than two years or so. But he could not have re- mained less, because his son Henry, who was born in 1756, remembered that when he was not four years old his father was living at St. James' Place, and that his nurse used to take

1 ' My father,' says Henry, ' had finished some of the first riding masters for the Cavalry Regiments gratis ' (Reminiscences, ii. 385).

' Domenico ' in Angelo's own handwriting is written on the interleaved blotting paper.

12 THE ANCESTOR

him to St. James' Church, where on one occasion he startled the worshippers by untimely patriotic vociferations.1

Meanwhile Domenick Angelo, who must have kept himself always in practice, had laid himself out as an exponent of the art of fence, having on a certain notable occasion, duly recorded by his son, utterly vanquished Dr. Keys, the cham- pion fencer of Ireland, at the Thatched House. Angelo's first pupil was the Duke of Devonshire, but presently he was ap- pointed Fencing Master and Riding Master to the Prince of Wales, afterwards George III., to Edward Duke of York, and to the other young princes, with whom he at once became a great favourite and whose friendship and goodwill he retained to the end of his life. Suitable premises for both fencing and riding were provided for him by the Princess Dowager of Wales in Leicester Fields, within two doors from Hogarth's house in the east corner." And there he must have taken up his quarters, probably in 1759 or 1760, as about that time his name disappears from the Rate Books of St. James'. He soon acquired so much fame and his clientele became so large that he now decided to set up an academy of his own. For this pur- pose he moved to Soho. There he bought from Lord Dela- val, brother of Foote's patron, the Sir Francis to whom he dedicated his comedy of Taste, Carlisle House, standing in King's Square Court (now Carlisle Street).3 It was a spacious old Caroline mansion of red brick, which had belonged to the Howard family, containing lofty rooms with enriched ceilings, a marble-floored hall, and a grand decorated staircase painted by Salvator's pupil, Henry Cook.4 In this building, in 1763, its new owner opened his fencing school, and in the garden at the back he erected stables and a manage which extended to Wardour Street.8 His house and schools soon became the resort of all the wealth and rank of London. Here he took in his boarders, ' young men of fashion,' who paid him each one hundred guineas a year, and who spent their time in riding, fencing and dancing, and here he earned his £4,000 a year which ' he spent like a gentleman.' a Among the famous men who congregated round him at that period were the two Sheri- dans, Garrick, Foote, Johnson, Christian Bach, Home Tooke, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Gainsborough, Zoffany, Canaletto, Zuc-

1 Reminiscences.

5 Longman's, Ap. 1898. * Ibid. * Ibid. "Ibid.

8 Angelo's Reminiscences and History of the StvorJ.

DOMKNICK ANGELO

(Drawn from life bjr Gwjrn and engra«d by Hall for the Ecole da Armes)

13

1 4 THE ANCESTOR

s

carelli, Bartolozzi, Cipriani, General Paoli, the Chevalier D'Eon, Wilkes, George Stubbs the author of the Anatomy of the Horse, Sir William Jones, and a host of others of all ranks and pursuits in life, forming a brilliant company of wits, politicians, artists and actors, some of whom almost daily met at his hospitable board.1

In 1763 Angelo published his grand folio in French — L'Ecote des Armes. It is a magnificent specimen of contem- porary binding and letter-press, and the engravings are of the highest possible order. It is dedicated to their Royal High- nesses, Princes William Henry and Henry Frederic, and the list of subscribers includes four Royal Highnesses, two Serene Highnesses, the Duke de Nivernais, Domenick's old Paris patron, and many of the principal nobility, clergy and gentry of the day. In his dedication h leurs Altesses Roya/es, Angelo refers to toutes les bontes dont elles mont toujours honor^ and humbly and gracefully begs their acceptance of his work. Speaking of this book, his son Henry declares that his father was assisted by the best artists of the day — ' two of the en- gravings in particular,' he says, ' were by Hall who finished Woolett's plate of General Wolfe, and the others by poor Ryland who suffered.' And Gwyn, Hall and Ryland are the names which figure at the foot of the plates. What is more, Angelo himself stood for the drawings, so that in these en- gravings we have his presentment exactly as he figured in fence.8 The originals he presented to His Majesty George III., ' who graciously received him at Buckingham Palace, where he was kept in conversation for above an hour, when to his surprise, being questioned about his coming to England, he found that the king had been previously acquainted with his attachment to Mrs. Woffington, and his marriage with my mother.' 3

One circumstance in the life of Domenick Angelo, usually passed over, bears directly upon the present paper, and that is that during the summer vacation of 1765 he visited Turin. ' My father,' writes Henry, ' once received a commission from the King of Sardinia to send him sixty horses, hunters, and in

1 For many a vivid anecdote relating to Angelo's celebrated guests, con- sult his son's Reminiscences and his Pic-nic (1828 and 1834).

1 The figure on plate I. he declares was a very faithful likeness of his father. It has been reproduced for this paper.

3 Angelo's Reminiscences.

DOMIiNICK A.NC.KLO AS AN OLD MAN.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 15

the summer vacation at Eton he came with my mother and then followed them to Turin. He presented the horses him- self to the king. The Princess of Carignan admired my mother's saddle, which she had brought with her, and my mother requested her acceptance of it.'

The date of this visit is fixed by the fact that when at Paris on his way to Turin Domenick received a letter from Garrick bearing date July, i"]6$.1 He must have sent the horses on by some trustworthy agent — his brother Leonard or his nephew Anthony, the latter then being eighteen years of age.

From 1763 to 1803, a period of forty years, Domenico Angelo's name regularly appears in the various Rate Books of St. Ann's, Soho.

The following selected extracts are of interest : —

St. Ann's Poor Rate — King's Square Court, North (Carlisle St.)

(I) 1764

1770 1790

Domk Angelo

Domk Angelo Tremamondo

Domenick Angelo

i 15 o

3 « i°i 440

By a simple sum in arithmetic his true rent in 1764 and 1770 is seen to be at least £144 and £190 respectively — an index of his prosperity at that time. But in 1 790 his assessed rent had sunk to ^52 only, and he was in arrear for the whole year.

(2) Hair and Powder Tax of 1795 (for the cost of the ' French War ')

Carlisle St., No. 20. Angelo, Dominico — Housekeeper.

Elizabeth— Wife. „ Sophia — Daughter.

The rest of his children had married or died. Sophia had long been a Dame of Eton, and probably only resided occa- sionally at Carlisle Place.

(3) 1 796 | Watch Rate :—

Dom. Angelo Tremamondo | £95 | £i 3*. gd. \

1 799-00 | Rector's Rate : —

Domenick Angelo | £52 | £o 4*. \d. \

Then comes the following significant entry : —

1803 | Paving Rate : —

Mrs. Angelo undertakes to pay her proportion 2 qrs. 1 Reminiscences, ii. 91-2.

1 6 THE ANCESTOR

In the year 1804 the name of Angelo no longer appears on the books. The old man had, in fact, died at Eton, pro- bably at the house of his daughter Sophia : —

1802, July nth. At Eton in his 86th year, Mr. A. (sic) Angelo, Fencing and Riding Master.1

His will at Somerset House is dated 1 1 May, 1 797, and it was proved 4 August, 1802. Everything he possessed he left to his ' dear wife, Elizabeth Angelo,' and he styles himself ' Domenico Angelo Tremamondo, of Carlisle Street, Soho.' The affidavit was made by ' George Frederick Angelo Tremamondo of His Royal Highness the Duke of York's office, Horse Guards, the natural and lawful grandson.' Domenick's sole witness was Albany Wallis.

Mrs. Angelo, letting her house in Carlisle Place, soon after moved to Rathbone Place, quite close by, to the north of Soho Square, and there in Upper Charlotte Street the once beautiful and genial hostess of King's Square Court breathed her last only a year or two later : —

1805. January nth. In Rathbone Place, in her 6jth year, Mrs. Angelo, relict of A. (sic) Angelo, Esq., Fencing Master to the Royal Family.2

Her quite informal will breathes in every line the gentle sweetness of her nature. It is dated 13 July, 1802, and the short codicil 24 May, 1 804. She styles herself ' Elizabeth Angelo Tremamondo, of Eton, Bucks, and Carlisle Street, Soho.' To her ' dear daughter Florella Sophia Angelo Tremamondo' she leaves her estate, 'excepting j£ioo, and £20 a year from her house in Carlisle Street for her dear grandson, George Frederick Angelo Tremamondo, and to him also his grandfather's gold watch,' and ' to his wife Elizabeth a diamond pin, and his daughter Mary £50.' To her 'dear daughter Catherine Drury her father's and sister's picture, set in gold, and her wedding diamond buckle ring.' To her ' dear daughter Ann St. Leger her ear-rings and a pin.' She desires c to be buried in the same grave as her dear husband, and to have her name inscribed on his tombstone.' Her sole executrix is Sophia, and the witnesses are Hester Provost and Elizabeth Wood. The codicil transfers Domenick's gold watch to Sophia, who is exhorted to give her own to George Frederick instead, and to help him in every way.

1 Eurof. Mag. xlii. 78. 3 G.M. kxv. 91.

ELIZABETH JOHNSON, WIFE OF DOMENICK ANGELO.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 17

No mention whatever is made of her son Henry Angelo, an omission eloquent of Henry's behaviour to his parents in their declining years, while even the affidavit, as in the case of Domenick's will, is made by Henry's son, ' George Frederick Angelo Tremamondo and Elizabeth his wife.'

By his wife Elizabeth, Angelo Domenick Maria Trema- mondo had at least six children, namely : —

1. Henry Charles William, born 5 April, 1756.

2. Florella Sophia, born X759-

3. Anne Caroline Eliza, born 14 October, 1763.

4. Catherine Elizabeth, born 27 August, 1766.

5. Elizabeth Tremamondo, born 13 June, 1768.

6. George Xavier Tremamondo, born 10 May, 1773. [There was perhaps also a son Michael, concerning whom

we shall speak presently.]

These last two entries differ curiously from any of the former. For instance, that of Elizabeth runs thus — c 1768. Elizabeth Tremamondo d. of Angelo Dominico and Elizabeth [Tremamondo]. Bapt. June 2oth. Born June I3th.' The child's surname is entered as Tremamondo not Angela, and Dominick's name Angela appears in its right place, namely as the first of his Christian names. This child probably died soon after birth, as she was only seven days old when baptized, whereas in the case of all the other children about a month was allowed to elapse before baptism. Of the other children of Domenick Angelo and Elizabeth Johnson, his wife, we shall treat presently.

Domenick Angelo, notwithstanding his large receipts during so many years, died in comparative poverty, and there is a touch of true natural feeling in his son Henry's reference to that circumstance as recorded in his Reminiscences, how, no longer affluent, he had, ' poor man,' to labour almost to the last. With all his charm Domenick Angelo had certain faults which cannot be said to be altogether special to his race and country, but on the whole it must be admitted that his charac- ter was that of a fine, generous, noble, high-minded gentleman, and the following panegyric from the Gentleman s Magazine, which appeared at the time of his death, he well deserved : —

'At Eton, July I ith, 1802, in his 8 1st year, A. (tic) Angelo, Esqr., sin- cerely lamented by his family and a large circle of friends. A truly worthy character. If any fault, too hospitable, too charitable for his means, which rendered it necessary for him to toil almost to the latest period of his life.

1 8 THE ANCESTOR

His comfortable board was always spread for all coiners, and the needy never went away unrelieved from his gate. He retained his bodily powers so well that he gave a lesson in fencing a few days before his death. A very respect- able character. Manners courtly and elegant. Well acquainted with life, and familiarly known to the most distinguished characters in Europe for the last half century. Long resident in England, respected by persons of the highest rank and particularly the Royal Family. In the arts of Riding and Fencing he was long at the head of his Profession, and by his skill in both brought them into general adoption as necessary branches of fashionable edu- cation. He understood all the continental tongues, and was altogether an accomplished and estimable man.' (G.M. of 1802, Ixxii. 692)

Domenick Angelo's portrait was painted several times. In Sir Joshua Reynolds' portrait of his wife, she is seen to be wearing in a bracelet her husband's picture in miniature. That miniature is believed to have been a copy of his own portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds. If so, then the ' Mr. Angelo ' who was a sitter to Sir Joshua in 1770 may have been his son Henry, then fourteen years old, and will perhaps be the por- trait reproduced for this article. Domenick's own portrait has been lost, and the miniature was taken to India by one of his descendants and lost too. He was also painted however by Sir William Beechey, and at Wilton, the seat of the Earl of Pembroke, there was an equestrian portrait of him, a pendant to one of the Earl, the horse by Morier and the figures by Brompton.1 Angelo was also immortalized (by grace of George II. himself) in West's famous picture, ' The Battle of the Boyne ' and in the equestrian statue of William III. in Dublin, in both which works, though the horseman's head is that of King William, the figure, for which he stood, is that of Angelo, and the charger the model of Angelo's famous white horse ' Monarch,' the very horse on which he displayed his feats of scientific horsemanship before the court of George II.

DOMENICO'S CHILDREN :-

I. ' HENRY ANGELO,' the famous swordsman. The follow- ing is a copy of his baptismal certificate from St. George's Church, Hanover Square : —

BAPTISM. — 1 6th May, 1766, Henry Charles William, son of Angelo Domenico Malevolti and Elizabeth [Malevolti]. Born 5th April, 1766.

Three points should be observed here : (i) The orderjof Domenico's Christian names, ' Angelo ' appearing in its proper

1 H. Angelo's Reminiscences.

ELIZABETH JOHNSON (MRS. DOMENICK ANGELO.)

By Sir Joshua Reynolds.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 19

place ; (2) The absence of the name Tremamondo ; and (3) the fact that the child is named neither Angelo nor Trema- mondo, but Malevolti. According to his baptismal certificate, in fact, ' Henry Angelo,' afterwards under that name to be so well known, was really Henry Charles William Malevolti. The name ' Angelo ' is nowhere — it was subsequently assumed, and Malevolti ignored. So charming an instance of the Angelo manner deserves recognition, and should be borne in mind.

According to his own account in his Reminiscences his ' Godfathers were George III. (at that time Heir Apparent), the late Dukes of Cumberland, York, and Kent, and the Duke of Gloucester,' of which fact some of his Christian names at least were commemorative.1 The whole of these princes were pupils of his father.

He seems at first to have been intended for the navy, and as a matter of fact he was actually enrolled by Captain Augustus Hervey (Lady Hervey's second son) on the books of the Dragon man-of-war in the capacity of midshipman, thereby becoming entitled, at an extremely early age, to some twenty-five guineas prize-money,' a circumstance which lends probability to the conjecture that the marriage at St. George's, Hanover Square, already noted, in 1728, between Richard Johnson and Elizabeth Harvey, was that of Elizabeth John- son's parents.

From Dr. Rose's academy at Chiswick, Henry's first school, he was sent in 1764 to Eton, where his father was fencing-master. From Eton in 1772, in his seventeenth year, he went to Paris to study fencing under the renowned Motet, the champion pareur of the continent, and to learn French. For a time he lived with a M. Liviez, who had been a dancer and a ballet-master at Drury Lane. His wife was English, and he had fallen in love with her at the Percy Chapel in Char- lotte Street, Soho. The lady was then a spinster no longer young, and M. Liviez was under the impression that she gazed upon him from her pew with admiring looks, which however was by no means the case, for her principal charm was a squint, and she was really glancing in another direction ;

1 They were : Edward Augustus, Duke of York, b. 1739; William Henry (Admiral), Duke of Gloucester, b. 1743; Henry Frederick (Admiral), Duke of Cumberland, b. 1745; Frederick William, b. 1750, d. 1765 ; all brothers of George III.

* Angelo's Reminiscencei and Austin Dobson in Ltngman't.

20 THE ANCESTOR

notwithstanding, her figure was so admirably formed that she had posed as the model for Roubillac's famous figure of Eloquence on the Argyll tomb in the south transept of West- minster Abbey. On Angelo this devoted couple showered kindness, not even modified by seasons of hypochondria in- duced by too generous feeding, ' when M. Liviez would fancy himself Apollo, and fiddle feverishly to the Nine Muses typified by a circle of chairs' (Longmans, Ap. 1898).

Henry Angelo returned to London in 1775, and at once took his place in his father's academy at Soho as a finished mdltre tfescrime. In 1778, in his twenty-third year, he married a beautiful north country girl named Mary Bowman Swindon, and the following is a copy of their marriage certi- ficate at St. Ann's, Soho : —

MARRIAGE. — Henry Angelo of this Parish, and Mary Bowman Swindon of the Parish of West Aukland in the County of Durham, were married in this Church by Licence, B.L., the zjrd day of October, 1778, by me, John Jefferson, Curate.

This marriage was solemnized between us : —

HENRY ANGELO. MARY BOWMAN SWINDON. In the presence of us : —

Is1. TAYLOR.*

CATHERINE] ANGELO. [Sister.]

In 1785 he took over his father's Fencing Academy in Carlisle Street, and later on moved to the Opera House buildings at the corner of the Haymarket, * almost facing the Orange Coffee House,' then a favourite resort of foreigners of all sorts and conditions. His skill was unrivalled, he had public and scholastic appointments, and the list of his ' Own Boastings,' of his pupils of noble and professional rank, who frequented his school is a most imposing one. In 1813 he was appointed naval instructor in the use of the cutlass, in- troducing much-needed reforms, as his father in the British cavalry, and his cousin Anthony in the Bengal cavalry, had similarly introduced reforms as greatly needed. We read that ' previous to the year 1813 our sailors in boarding used the

1 This was Isaac Taylor (1759-1829) of a famous family of artists and engravers. He was the son of Isaac Taylor (1730-1807), the original illus- trator of Sir Charles Grandison, and the friend of Bartolozzi, Bewick, Richard Smirke, Fuseli, Goldsmith, Garrick and the Angelos. His son was Isaac Taylor (iii.) (1787-1865), artist, author and inventor. This gifted family came of a Worcestershire stock (D.N.B.).

THE ANGELO FAMILY 21

cutlass after any fashion they pleased. It was suggested how- ever that this was a defect, and with a view to repairing it Clapperton and a few other clever midshipmen were ordered to repair to Portsmouth dockyard to be instructed by the celebrated swordsman Angelo.' l

In 1789 Angelo's school was burnt down, and he appears to have moved to Old Bond Street (living at Bolton Row), and there he established another school, of which his son, a second Henry, took over charge in 1817. Then in^ a certain year undefined, save by the phrase 'the year of Kean's benefit,' perhaps 1827, he strained his left thigh, when that celebrated actor and himself were fencing together, and was thenceforth compelled to 'bid adieu to the practical exertions of the science.' His remaining days he spent ' in the enjoyment of a small annuity ' at some village, the name of which I have not ascertained, somewhere near Bath, that city which his father Domenick in his purple prime, when he was pro- verbially known as ' one of the most elegant men of the age, the gayest of the gay,' used to visit from time to time in the sacred days of Beau Nash. There poor Henry Angelo prob- ably died about the year 1839 and in (about) the 83rd year of his age.

Like his father Domenick, Henry Angelo lived constantly in the society of painters and actors. Like Domenick too he had a pretty fancy in drawing, and his portrait at four- teen or fifteen, reproduced for this article, represents him before his drawing-board, crayon in hand. He had learnt from Bartolozzi and Cipriani. With Rowlandson too he had been intimate from boyhood. He knew him in Paris, he accompanied him to Portsmouth to see the ghastly landing of the French prisoners of war after Lord Howe's victory, and he followed his hearse to the grave in 1827.

Jack Bannister the actor was another of Henry Angelo's special friends, at whose benefits at Drury Lane he occasionally appeared in character, notably as Mrs. Cole in Foote's Minor at the Italian Opera House in 1 792. He also acted before the Royal Family at Windsor as Papillon in The Lyar, also by Foote, an occasion which he further signalized ' by particular desire ' with * A Solo Duet, or Ballad Singers in Cranbourn Alley.' The

1 G.M. 1828, No. 98, p. 569.

22 THE ANCESTOR

boards of Lord Barrymore's theatre were also graced on occa- sion by Henry Angelo, his favourite character being Lady Pentweazle in Foote's Taste. Nor did his professional en- gagements prevent him from sometimes joining Barrymore in his extravagances, whether ' at places like Jacob's Well, or driving with him through Colnbrook, when his sportive lord- ship would " fan the daylights " — in other words, break the windows right and left with his whip.' * Angelo was also a member of the Pic-nic Society, inaugurated by Lady Bucking- hamshire, the name of which suggested the title of Angela's Pic-nic. Again we find him contributing to the dramatic dis- plays at Brandenburgh House in Hammersmith, the house of Lord Berkeley's sister, that Margravine of Anspach whose comedy of the Sleeper-walker, as Austin Dobson notes, was printed by Walpole at the Strawberry Hill Press. Anon he is again with Barrymore at Brighton, under the windows of the Pavilion, serenading Mrs. Fitzherbert of Swynnerton, the morganatic spouse of the Fourth George. A joyous com- panion wherever he was, keen at his business, but not less keen to share in the extravagant caprices, in the masculine pleasures, of the ' strong generation ' of the time of the Re- gency.

Many are the anecdotal treasures stored away in Angelo's unsorted jumble of reminiscences, and most difficult it is to bring order out of his dateless higgledy-piggledy pages. Per- haps those relating to old Soho are as interesting as any, and therefore to save myself the trouble which I have no mind for, and to oblige the reader, which I mostly desire, I make use of the following excellent samples of some of them, gathered and transmuted by no unskilful hand : —

Many Soho localities, familiar to residents nowadays from more prosaic associations, take an old-world colour and romance from the pen of Henry Angelo, or rather from the pen of W. H. Pyne, if it be true that he was the actual writer of the Reminicences. The conflagration of the Pantheon in Oxford Street, for instance, must have been a magnificent spectacle, though we really cannot credit the assertion that the glare in the heavens was dis- cernible by travellers upon Salisbury Plain. Mr. and Mrs. Siddons, standing at the window in their night habiliments, would in themselves give unusual interest to a modern Soho fire. The night was one of the coldest of the cen- tury, and next morning icicles, I o or 15 feet long, testified to the exertions of the firemen of 1789 to save young Wyatt's architectural masterpiece from destruction.

1 Longman's, Ap., 1898.

HARRV ANGELO, SON OF DOMKNICK ANGEI.O AND ELIZABETH JOHNSON.

Paints in ntf (I ty Sir Josltua Ktjncids).

THE ANGELO FAMILY 23

All who have been admirers of the famous Bach Passion Services at St. Anne's, Soho, for the past five and twenty years would like to know how the master's youngest son (a sad declension from the original Sebastian) strutted through Soho during the later decades of the eighteenth century, enjoying good dinners and making bad jokes in a species of German-English jargon. He is shown us at Carlisle House playing the accompaniment as the gentle Mrs. Angelo trilled a song of his composing.1 At another time, his fine musical ear distracted by the discord which Gainsborough is making upon Mrs. Angelo's harpsichord, he good humouredly pushes the great painter off the stool, and, the immortal genius of his race flaming up in his grosser earthly tenement, the misused keys thunder and wail forth majestic voluntaries, as though the fat player were inspired. Gainsborough thought himself as gifted in music as in painting, and Bach, once calling upon him at his studio, found the creator of ' The Duchess of Devonshire ' blowing hard on the bassoon. 4 Do listen to the rich bass ! ' exclaimed Gainsborough. ' Pole it away, man, pote it away,' was the answer, ' it is only fit for the lungs of a blackschmidt. Py all the powers, it is just for all the vorld as the veritable praying of a jackass. And your clarionet, baw, baw, 'tis as a duck ; 'tis vorse as a goose !'

The Angelos were very fond of Sir Joshua Reynolds, who lived in Leices- ter Square. As we mentioned, he painted Mrs. Angelo's portrait. Henry considers that Reynolds made his way as an artist by sheer merit, quite un- countenanced by the royal favour and lofty patronage in which Gainsborough was so fortunate.

Richmond Buildings, about a hundred yards from the Angelos' front door, was the abode of that singular person Home Tooke. He was wont to amuse his neighbour, old Mr. Sheridan of Frith Street, by singing a not over re- spectful version of ' God save the King.' Angelo fere, in consideration of the kindnesses which he, as a foreigner, had received from the English royal family, would not permit the exhibition of this parody of Tooke's under his own loyal roof.

Continual glimpses were caught, in the Soho of that era, of the strange genius George Morland, one of the greatest English landscape painters of all time, who migrated from Paddington to Frith Street, and whose fortunes and abilities declined as his besetting sin of drunkenness got him more completely in its grip. Angelo recollects the tremendous vogue of the series of rural pic- tures called ' The Weary Sportsman," when the precocious artist (he dressed in buckskin boots and a tail coat at the age of thirteen) was quite a boy.

Rowlandson, the admirable illustrator of Dr. Syntax, was another friend of Angelo, who himself took lessons in drawing from Bartolozzi of Broad Street. Rowlandson was knocked down and plundered, just after Henry had left him, one night in Poland Street. His own assailant he never detected, but curiously enough, on a visit to a police office in Litchfield Street, Rowlandson was able to identify by description a man who had recently robbed a gentleman in Soho Square. This fellow was subsequently hanged, a fact of which his dis- coverer was very proud.

No more extraordinary incident is recounted by Angelo, nor is there any

1 The song referred to was one entitled ' Patie ' ; words by Allan Ramsay (Reminiscences).

24 THE ANCESTOR

tale of which he more emphatically asserts the truth, than his statement that he one evening met, at the corner of New Compton Street, a strange young woman, meanly attired, who was so famished that she voraciously devoured some biscuits he gave her, but who in after years became the brilliant and fascinating Lady Hamilton, the society queen of Naples, and enshrined (not altogether nobly) in the annals of English history as the friend of Horatio Nelson. There appears no reason to doubt the narrator's word, and surely of all Soho romances this is the most remarkable. Angelo hardly ever saw the for- lorn maiden again to speak to, but he found out that she was a certain Emma Hart, who had been servant to a lady of his acquaintance, and who had left her situation through grief at the demise of her young master, whom she had devotedly nursed.

From house to house in Soho Square Angelo watched the elder Sheridan and other sympathizers with the unfortunate Dr. Dodd, calling with pens and parchments in their hands and ink-bottles in their button-holes, to solicit signatures for the royal pardon of this most accomplished and popular forger. The amount of sympathy elicited in this case in 1777 was extraordinary. The moral Dr. Johnson, and about a hundred thousand other friends, did their best to persuade the king to save the eloquent preacher and voluminous writer from the death penalty. George III. was specially incensed because the doc- tor had tried to buy the living of St. George's, Hanover Square, for ,£3,000, and Dr. Dodd could only obtain the privilege of being conveyed to Tyburn, in consideration of his profession and attainments, in a mourning coach instead of the ordinary cart. Mrs. Angelo, overcome with emotion, had to leave the Soho dinner table the night before he was hung. Henry tells us that, from the windows of Carlisle House, he could see the criminals going along Oxford Road to Tyburn ; but on this important occasion he made one of a party to view the distinguished execution under the fatal tree.

Two of a trade, as Henry remarks, do not always agree ; but he was very fond of a fellow fencing master called Lapiere. Their pupils often interchanged bouts, and it was a great shock to him to call at his friend's house one day, in Gerrard Street, and to find that he had cut his throat. He had been de- feated by a rival in his profession, and the catastrophe was supposed to have preyed upon his mind. Poor Lapiere is buried in St. Anne's Churchyard.

One of the very few personal details the younger Angelo gives us about himself is that, in the year 1802, his success as a fencing-master justified him in engaging a spacious apartment in the neighbourhood of the Mansion House. Here, by his own account, he not only did a good deal of profitable business, but dispensed much hospitality in return for the elegant entertainments with which he had been honoured at the first tables of the wealthy city of London. It is curious how often one is impressed with the conviction, in reading his Reminiscences, that the combined blood of the Malevoltis and Tremamondos, of which we hear so much in his father's genealogy, did not succeed, at any rate in the person of Henry himself, in producing quite a gentleman. How- ever, he says that his broiled beefsteak and bottle of old port, served in what he terms his attic, have lost many a Lord Mayor's banquet a distinguished guest. This may be true enough ; there is a good deal to be said in favour of a well grilled steak and (for a sound liver) a bottle of old port.

One of Henry Angelo's crowning mercies was Lord Byron, the real live poet. He was accustomed to go to the Albany every day at noon, to do his

THE ANGELO FAMILY 25

best to keep down, by regular and tolerably violent exercise, an unromantic tendency to avoirdupois with which the bard was threatened. The author of ChiUe HaroU can hardly have looked a poetic object as he engaged at baguette a la main, which he preferred to the foils, as it was not so awkward for his lame foot. He put on a thick flannel jacket, and over it a pelisse lined with fur tied round with a Turkish towel ; a memory perhaps of the Bride of Abydot. After a sharp bout he would send for his valet to rub him down. Angelo tells us, with especial pride, how on one occasion Lord Byron called to him from his carriage at Newmarket, drove him to Cambridge, entertained him royally, and finally handed him up a bumper of old St. John's ale to the top of the coach that was to convey him back to London, at the same time taking off his hat. We could not bid farewell to the younger Angelo under any happier condition than that of Lord Byron taking off his hat to him.1

Henry Angelo's publications were: —

(1) Reminiscences, 2 vols., 1828 and 1830.

(2) Angelas Pic-Nic, 1834, with a frontispiece by George

Cruikshank.

(3) A translation in smaller form of his father's UEcole

des Armes. This ' translation ' was made by Rowland- son the artist, and the book was afterwards incor- porated under the head 'Escrime' in the Encycldpedie of Diderot and d'Alembert.

(4) Twenty plates in the use of the Hungarian and High-

land broadsword, which were designed by Rowland- son and put forth in 1798 by T. Egerton of the Military Library, Whitehall, ' the adventurous pub- lisher who subsequently issued the first three novels of Jane Austen.'2

Henry Angelo also made a very magnificent screen for Lord Byron, having on one side all the most celebrated pugi- lists, and on the other all the greatest actors. Mr. John Murray of Albemarle St. is said to be the happy possessor of this historic screen at the present time.

Of the sons of HENRY ANGELO two of them received direct commissions from the Duke of York, the Commander- in-Chief, one of Henry's godfathers, and their own.3

(i) GEORGE FREDERICK, eldest son, whose baptismal cer- tificate from St. Ann's Church, Soho, runs as follows : —

1 Parish Magazine of St. Ann's, Soho, for April, 1902 (by kind permission of the rector, the Rev. J. H. Cardwell).

a Longman t, Ap. 1898.

3 The Duke of York was godfather to two of the sons of Henry Angelo (i.) (Reminiscences).

26 THE ANCESTOR

BAPTISM.— 1779. Born July 10. George Frederick Angelo Tremamondo, son of Henry Charles William Angelo and Mary. Baptized August 6th.

As well as of the Duke of York, he was a protege of the Prince Regent, afterwards George IV., and in 1794 was offered a commission as Lieutenant in the 3ist Light Dragoons. Declining this in the hope of better civil employment, he became clerk to His Royal Highness the Prince Frederick, the Commander-in-Chief at the Horse Guards, in 1797, holding as well a commission in the i6th Reserve Battalion (Ireland), conferred on him ' by His Royal Highness' command,' to which he was gazetted ensign on 9 June, 1804. He was promoted to a lieutenancy in the Royal West Indian Rangers in June, 1807, and became captain on 20 January, 1814. But it is to be noted that he never joined his regiments and never served with the colours, being seconded all the time of his service as being employed exclusively at Head Quarters by the Commander-in-Chief.1 His appointment in the Army he resigned in 1 8 1 8, but was only allowed the value of his lieutenancy.2

In 1821 he retired from his civil appointment as clerk to the Commander-in-Chief on a pension of £300 a year.3 His papers at the Record Office include interesting testimony from his uncle (by marriage), General William St. Leger, Mr. Wind- ham, Secretary for War, and General W. Winyard, as well as a special reference to the Prince of Wales' favour and goodwill towards him.

In his retirement he lived at Hill House, Southampton. His wife, whom he is said to have married in 1801, was named Elizabeth McCoy, and she died in 1817 : —

DEATH. — 1817, Jan. 5. In Carmarthen, St. Fitzroy Square, the wife of Capt. Angelo of the West India Rangers (G.M . vol. 87, p. 91).

He had two sons, John Angelo who died young, and William St. Leger Angelo who died unmarried. Also two daughters, Elizabeth born in 1 804, who married on 1 8 October, 1831, the Rev. John Dayman of Mamsbury, North Devon, and who died 17 November, 1875 > an<^ Sophie Angelo, who married Captain Edwin Rich.4

MARRIAGE. — At Kingston, near Portsmouth, Captain Edwin Rich, R.N., son of the late Sir Charles Rich, Bart., of Shirley House, Hants, to Sophia, young-

1 Memoranda Papers at the Record Office. ' Ibid. a Ibid.

4 Family Evidences.

HENRY A.NGEUO I. AS "A FENCER.

(Jrtia uxkHmn.1

THE ANGELO FAMILY 27

est daughter of Capt. G. F. Angelo, of Hill House, Southampton (G. M. 1829, P- 74)-

Captain George Frederick Angelo, who is said to have died in 1836, married a second wife, and the following extract from a letter of a member of the Angelo family refers to her : —

Miss Jane Dayman used to visit Elizabeth, the second wife and widow of George Frederick Angelo (Family Notes).

William St. Leger Angela^ the surviving son of George Frederick Angelo, was born in the year 1812, and on the death of his father in 1836 was gazetted an ensign in the Royal African Colonial Corps, stationed at Sierra Leone, on 20 May, 1836, and he sailed in the ensuing October, joining the corps in September.1 That corps shortly afterwards seems to have been disbanded, and William St. Leger Angelo was transferred as lieutenant to the 3rd West India Regiment, then newly raised.2 In 1845 he was gazetted captain in the same corps,3 and in 1850 he died, as witness the following announce- ment : —

DEATH.— 1850, May ist. Aged 38. Captain William St. Leger Angelo, of the jrd West India Regiment. (G.M. vol. 34, p. 101)

(2) HENRY ANGELO (II.) — ' On October I4th, 1852, died at Brighton, aged 72, Henry Angelo, Esq., Superintendent of Sword Exercise to the Army.' 4

Henry Angelo (II.) must therefore have been the second son of Henry Angelo (I.), and born in 1780 or 1781. Like his father and grandfather he was brought up as a Mattre (fEscrime, and carried on and upheld the famous school of mas- ters founded by Domenick. He took over charge of the Academy from his father in 1817, and in 1830 moved it to St. James' Street. Among his many pupils there were the King of Hanover and the present Duke of Cambridge. In 1833 he was appointed Superintendent of Sword Exercise to the Army, a post which he held to the last.*

In his brief informal will at Somerset House he styles himself Henry Angelo of Upper Wimpole Street. He leaves all his effects to his ' wife, Mary Ann Angelo.'

1 Memoranda Papers at the Record Office. ' Army List. > Ibid.

• G.M. vol. 38, p. 543. » Ibid.

28 THE ANCESTOR

His wife here mentioned is said to have been a daughter of General Heathcote, and died in Wimpole Street.1 Charles Henry Angelo is described in the Gentleman's Magazine * as ' sociable and amiable in private life, endearing himself to all." One of his contemporaries also writes of him : 'Henry (II.) seemed to me a model man — in stature, mien, looks, dress and in manners too.' With such a tribute we may safely leave him to his repose in Kensal Green.

He was succeeded by his son Henry Angelo (III.), or in full, Henry Charles Angelo, as to whose career I possess little more than the following extract : —

MARRIAGE. — z6th December, 1832, Henry Charles Angelo, Batchelor, to Elizabeth Mary Bungay, Spinster, a Minor, of Brighthelmstone, Sussex.

To him Dame Sophie Angelo in 1 847 left the interest of her house in Carlisle Street, Soho Square — the old Carlisle House, the home of glorious old Domenick, and he too it must have been who, as Charles Henry Angelo, published The Bayonet Exercise in 1853. He is stated to have left four sons : (i) Charles Heathcote Angelo, who emigrated to Aus- tralia ; (2) Arthur Angelo, a protege of Lord Frederick Fitz Clarence and General Yorke, who was born on 23 March, 1836, was gazetted ensign in the 6th Foot on 13 October, 1854, and lieutenant in the 74th on 15 January, 1858. He retired by sale of his commission on 5 March, 1861, and went to New Zealand3; (3) Michael Angelo, born 12 January, 1838, a clerk in the War Office (1855-72) 4 ; and (4) Stewart Angelo, who emigrated to and is now settled in New Zealand ; and one daughter, the wife of a distinguished officer, still living. With Henry Angelo (III.), deceased about 1854, the famous Angelo School of Masters came to an end.

(3) EDWARD ANTHONY ANGELO, the third son, who also received a direct commission from H.R.H. the Duke of York. This officer had a most distinguished and varied career, having been, apparently, in almost everything that was going. He entered the army as an ensign in the 28th Regi- mentlon 9 July, 1803, so that (supposing he was then sixteen)

1 Family Evidences. * Vol. 38.

s Memo. Papers at the Record Office.

4 Harry Abercrombie Angelo was also for a time a clerk in the War Office ((874-5). He was a son of Colonel John Angelo of Mussoorie, and perished i n the Burma War of 1886 (see infra).

THE ANGELO FAMILY 29

he must have been born in or about 1787. He was gazetted a lieutenant in the 52nd Regiment on 28 August, 1804, an army captain on i December, 1 806, and a regimental captain on 14 May, 1807.' He became major on 2 June, 1814, and lieut.-colonel on 22 July, 1830," and finally a colonel in the army, being then of the 3oth Foot, on 22 December, 1847.* On 12 December, 1834, he went on half-pay.* He served with the expedition to Egypt in 1 807, on the coast of Cala- bria in 1808, with the expedition to Walcheren in 1809, with the army to Catalonia in 1812 and 1813, he was adjutant- general attached to the British-Austrian army, he acted as A.D.C. to General Nugent in the campaign against Eugene Beauharnais the Viceroy of Italy, he was present at the siege and capture of Trieste, Cattaro and Ragusa, and was conspic- uous in various other services in the Adriatic.8

Besides his services when posted to the regiments already noted, he served much in the 2ist Foot, and was repeatedly mentioned in despatches. Thus in his despatch dated Trieste, 13 October, 1814, Admiral Freemantle mentions 'Captain Angelo of the 2 1 st Foot as foremost in showing where to place fascines to protect the men, whilst the gun was getting up.' ' Again, when off Ragusa, Captain Hoste, R.A., makes special mention of c the assistance rendered by Captain Angelo of General Campbell's Staff in the capture of the place.' 7

In 1818, being then brevet-major in the 2ist Foot, he published a letter on the administration of the Ionian Islands.8

Among other appointments held by him was that of Army Instructor in Sword Exercise under the Duke of Wellington, showing that he also had inherited the quick eye and the cool judgment of his fathers.8

In 1827 he was made a Military Knight of Hanover,10 and in 1839 he had the appointment of Chief Commissioner of Police for Bolton on a salary of £500 a year.11 Lastly he became a Knight of Windsor in 1854. He survived in honourable retirement till 1869, when he died at Windsor Castle on 26 August,12 being then about eighty years of age.

1 Army List, 1810. J Ibid.

3 G.M. vol. 27, p. 76. * Army List, 1845.

« Ibid. « G.M. (1814) vol. 84, p. 79.

i Ibid. » Copy in B.M.

> G.M. vol. 38. 10 Biog. Diet. B.M.

11 G.M. new ser. vol. 12, p. 419. " Biog. Diet. B.M.

C

30 THE ANCESTOR

In 1816 Colonel A. Angelo had married — having run away with his youthful bride — a daughter of the Marquis de Choiseul.

MARRIAGE. — nth July, 1816, Major Angelo, 2ist Regiment, to Pauline, daughter to the Marquis de Choiseul (G.M. 1816, p. 176).

It is somewhat remarkable and not a little suspicious, de- noting a princely wigging from his godfather the Commander- in-Chief, that immediately after this marriage he was gazetted to the Newfoundland Fencibles and reduced to half-pay : ' 9th Sept. 1816, Edward Anthony Angelo, a Major of the New- foundland Fencibles, placed on the half-pay List.'1 But what- ever the breeze, and it probably was due to a complaint from the Marquis of Choiseul, it soon blew over, and he was again restored to his beloved 2ist.

As a pendant to his own marriage, the following announce- ment is apropos : —

MARRIAGE. — April, 1817. At Paris, the Comte de Choiseul, Aide-de-Camp to the Duke of Berry, to the Hon. Maria Charlotte Parkyns, youngest daughter to the late Lord Raucliffe (Dodsley's Annual Register).

The Comte de Choiseul was probably Mrs. Angelo's brother. Of the marriage of Colonel Edward Anthony Angelo and Pauline de Choiseul there was issue one son (at least) and three daughters : —

Edward Augustus Angela^ the son, appears in the Army List as having been gazetted on 10 November, 1843, an en- sign in the loth Foot, then serving at Meerut. Whether he joined in India or remained at the dep6t at home I do not know,3 but on 15 January, 1845, Lord Ripon,. President of the Board of Directors, on the recommen- dation of Earl de Gray, who certified that he was well acquainted with his family, character and connections gave him an East Indian cadetship, and on 'January 24th, 1845, E. A. Angelo of the Bengal Infantry, was sent to Bengal, via Marseilles.' On his arrival at Cal- cutta he was posted to the 22nd Native Infantry, then stationed at Barrackpore, but he declined to accept the

1 4rmy List.

a At the time of his nomination he was apparently in India : ' Augustus Ed- ward Angelo nominated when an ensign in H.M. loth Regiment in Bengal' (India Office Records).'1

THE ANGELO FAMILY 31

appointment, and returned to England. On 23 July his father wrote from the United Service Club to the Earl of Ripon to report his unexpected return, and to surrender his cadetship again into his lordship's hands. His rank as ensign was cancelled on 28 November,

, Colonel Angelo's three daughters by his wife Pauline,

namely Georgina, Matilda and Bertha Angelo, still survive, and reside in Paris.2

(4) WILLIAM HENRY ANGELO was the fourth son of Henry Angelo (I.) He must have been born in or about 1789, and he died in 1855.

DEATH. — Jan. igth, 1855. At Brompton, aged 66, William Henry Angelo, Esq. (G.M. vol. 43, p. 332).

He is said to have married a lady named Cope, and to have had issue another William Angelo.3 Of his career all we know is that for a time he was settled at Oxford, where he kept a fencing school. Subsequently he became the manager of his brother's and nephew's academy in St. James's Street. He is the ' Old William ' whom many will still remember, an excellent master of fence, even to the last, when, in consequence of an injury, his weapon had to be bound to his hand.

His will at Somerset House is dated 22 August, 1840, and it was proved 2 March, 1855. In it he styles himself ' William Angelo, otherwise William Henry Angelo, formerly of Oxford, and of 21 Hill Street, Westminster, fencing master.' His c wife, Elizabeth Sarah Angelo,' to whom he left his estate, was sole executrix.

I think it just possible also that the child mentioned in the following announcement may have been a son of Henry : —

BURIAL. — 1794, March loth. James Angelo, a child of five months from Prince's Court, Soho. Died of convulsions. (St. Amis Registers.)

[2. MICHAEL ANGELO. There is a suspicious gap of some four or five years between the dates of birth of Sophia Angelo and Anne Caroline Angelo, between 1758 and 1763, and it is possible that Domenick had a second son Michael born in that interval, and that he is the youthful author mentioned in the following quotation : —

1 India Office Records. 1 Family Evidences.

Family Notes.

32 THE ANCESTOR

The Drawing School for little Masters and Misses. To which are added the, Whok Art of Kite-making, and the Author's new Discoveries in the Preparation of Water Colours. By Master Michael Angelo. Dedicated to H.R.H. Prince Edward. 1774. Price 6d.

This is the title page of a small duodecimo in the British Museum, which is introduced by a frontispiece of little Prince Edward in a frame.1 Domenick we know had a taste for painting, and Henry his eldest son, who was in Paris when this booklet was published, had been a pupil of Bartolozzi. But I have not succeeded in finding ' Master Michael's ' bap- tismal certificate, which may possibly be at St. Giles-in-the- Fields — forbidden ground at present (excepting on payment of preposterous search-fees) to the literary inquirer.

On the other hand Michael may have been a son of Leonard Tremamondo, though that alternative is unlikely, as Leonard is understood never to have married.]

3. FLORELLA SOPHIA ANGELO TREMAMONDO was born as we have seen in 1759, but I have not succeeded in finding her bap- tismal register. A pretty brunette, educated abroad, and very accomplished, she was a contemporary of the young Prince of Wales, afterwards George IV., who conceived a very high esteem for her, and to whose friendship she owed it that she was made a Dame of Eton while still under twenty, which gave her an assured position, a house, and an income, and, I suspect, in her case, frequent non-residence. She lived to a good old age, and at Eton she died, never having married : —

DEATH. — April 7th, 1847. At Eton College, aged 88, Mrs. Sophia An- gelo. She was the oldest and most celebrated Dame of Eton, having been connected with that establishment near seventy years.2

The following is an abstract of her will. She mentions : —

My nephew Henry Angelo son of my brother Henry.

To Henry's wife she leaves diamonds, etc., etc.

To their son Henry Charles Angelo her interest in her house in Carlisle St., Soho, etc.

To her niece Levina, wife of the Rev. John Dayman, Rector of Shelton. Cumberland, the bulk of her estate, lease of the house at Eton which she has of the Provost and Fellows, and makes her residuary legatee.

To her dear niece Sophie, wife of General Wood, £200 and presents (pictures, etc).

To dear [niece] Eliza Harnage £200 and presents.

1 Prince Edward (b. 1767), then only seven years old, afterwards Duke of Kent, became the father of Queen Victoria. 1 G.M. xxvii. 561.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 33

To Eliza's sister Harriet £200 and the picture of testatrix' sister St. Leger, etc.

To dear Mrs. Arthur Drury £200, etc., etc.

at Somerset House).

4. ANNE CAROLINE ELIZA. Her baptismal certificate at St. Ann's, Soho, runs as follows : —

BAPTISM. — 1763, November loth. Baptized Anne Caroline Eliza Angelo, d. of Domenico and Elizabeth [Angelo]. Born Oct. 1 4.

This lady, like her sister Sophie, was educated abroad. ' During the long holidays when I was a school-boy [at Eton] my father and mother took my two eldest sisters to place them in a convent in French Flanders, the Ursulines at Lisle.'1

Accomplished and captivating, as may be inferred from her portrait, she married in 1785, in her twenty-second year, Cap- tain William St. Leger, of the iyth Dragoons, at St. Ann's Church, Soho.

MARRIAGE. — William St. Leger, Esq., of this Parish, and Caroline Ann Angelo of this Parish also, were married in this Church by Licence, B. L., the zgth day of July, 1785, by me John Jefferson, Curate. This marriage was solemnized between us : —

WM. ST. LEGER. CAROLINE ANN ANGELO. In the presence of us : —

D. ANGELO TREMAMONDO. LEONARDO TREMAMONDO. S[OPHIA] ANCELO.

With this certificate may be compared the following ex- tract : —

MARRIAGE. — 1785. Lately Captain St. Leger2 of the 1 7th Regiment of Dragoons to Miss A. Angelo.3

Mrs. St. Leger lost her husband in 1 8 1 8, and the fol- lowing is a copy of his monumental inscription in Marylebone parish church : —

Lt. General William St. Leger who began his military life at the age of 1 6 in the 1 7th Light Dragoons then serving in America. He highly distin- guished himself and obtained Public Thanks. He also served honourably in Europe and Asia. Died 28 March 1818, aged 58.

1 Angelo's Pic-nic.

a He was a son of Colonel St. Leger, one of the original subscribers to Domenick's VEcole des Armei in 1764. 3 G.M. Iv. 664.

34

THE ANCESTOR

Mrs. St. Leger survived him many years, dying in 1833, having had one son and five daughters.1

5. CATHERINE ELIZABETH, Domenico's third daughter, was born in 1766, and baptized also- at St. Ann's, Soho Square.

BAPTISM. — 1766. Sept. 8, baptized Catherine Elizabeth Angelo d. of Domenick and Elizabeth [Angelo]. Born Aug. 27.

Doubtless she was educated in a convent abroad like her elder sisters. She was the beauty of the family, and a sitter to Sir Joshua Reynolds (portrait). She fell to an English clergyman, to Mark Drury, Second Master at Harrow, whose brother, the Rev. Dr. Joseph Drury, was then Head Master, and the following is a copy of her marriage register : —

The Rev. Mark Drury 2 of Harrow, co. Middlesex, and Catherine Angelo of this parish were married in this Church by Licence, B. L., the i6th day of August, 1 790, by me John Jefferson, Curate.

This marriage was solemnized between us : —

M. DRURY. CATHERINE ANGELO. In the presence of: —

DOMCO ANGELO. SOPHIE ANGELO. CHARLOTTE GOODSCW.

T. HORNE TOOKE.3

With this certificate we should compare the following ex- tract : —

MARRIAGE. — Rev. Mark Drury, Second Master of Harrow School, to Miss Catherine Angelo of Carlisle St.*

Catherine Drury is stated to have died on 28 November, 1825, aged 59, leaving by her husband, who is said to have died in 1827, one surviving child, a daughter, Eliza Drury, who married in 1830 Edward Harnage (who was born in 1798 and died in 1861), third son of Sir George Harnage, first baronet, of Belswardyne, Salop.5

1 Family Evidences.

2 A Lady Drury had a house in Dean Street, Soho, in 1762 (Rate Books).

3 This of course is the celebrated Home Tooke, to whom Mr. W. Tooke, of Walton, Norfolk, and of the Temple, London, presented his own name Tooke and a valuable estate in consequence of the then Mr. Home's strenuous exertions against the policy which lost us our American colonies.

« G.M. (1790), Ix. 858. 6 Family Evidences.

GENERAL WII.I.IAM Sr LEUEK AS A

CAPTAIN IN THE I;TH DRAGOONS.

HOKN 1759. HIED 1818.

JOHN AM.I.IO »v KHIMII KGH.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 35

Catherine Drury's picture by Sir Joshua Reynolds was •sold by her descendant Mrs. Wayne, and is now in the col- lection of Lord Rothschild.

6 and 7. The other known children of Domenick Angelo, namely, GEORGE XAVIER TREMAMONDO and ELIZABETH TREMAMONDO, have been already briefly noticed.

George's baptismal register at St. Ann's, Soho, runs as follows : —

1773. Baptized June 13, George Xavier Tremamondo, s. of Angelo Dominico and Elizabeth [Tremamondo]. Born May I o.

The story of his life I do not know, but I imagine that he died early.

II. FRANCIS XAVIER TREMAMONDO, the second son of James Tremamondo of Leghorn, was born, as we have seen, on 4 December, 1 720, his godfather having been John Simondio. I suppose him to have been the second brother mentioned by Henry Angelo. He says in his Reminiscences : l There were four brothers all dead in 1 829." It is not at all impossible, as I have already intimated, that Francis Xavier was really the John Xavier Tremamondo who flourished in Edinburgh from 1763 to 1 805, and that under that name he followed Domenick to England some time between 1753 and 1759. And the reason for that suspicion is to be found in the various announcements of the Edinburgh Tremamondo's death, wherein it is clearly stated that when John Xavier of Edinburgh died on 16 March, 1 805, he was eighty-four years of age, which he could not have been within three or four years if he had been the real John Xavier (who was a younger brother), but which he would have been with just three months and twelve days to spare if he had been Francis Xavier. To Englishmen of the middle of the eighteenth century the name Francis Xavier would have a decidedly unpleasant flavour, reminiscent of Jesuits and of Goa where St. Francis Xavier laboured and was en- tombed, and where the Inquisition had been so busy at work. Men had not yet got over the memories of '45, it was the age of the ' Catholic Riots,' and that thought may have weighed on the mind of Francis Xavier Tremamondo, and it would have been quite in the Angelo manner if he had cor- rected the flavour by substituting the name of his younger

1 Vol. ii. 496.

36 THE ANCESTOR

brother for his own, granting always that it was he and not the younger brother, the real John, who had joined Domenick in London. Setting aside that hypothesis however, in defer- ence to the terms of the last will and testament of John Xavier Tremamondo of Edinburgh (to be quoted presently), we must conclude on more mature reflection that Francis Xavier remained abroad if in the meantime he had not died. In that case his history is a blank, unless it was he who is alleged to have found employment at the Court of Turin. We are informed that there was an c Angelo Tremamondo ' (how delightfully Anglesque the vagueness !) who was ap- pointed Master of the Horse to Maurice of Savoy, son of King Charles Emmanuel III., by Letters Patent, dated Turin, 5 July, 1776, and the original instrument is stated to be still in the possession of one of the descendants of John Angelo's son, Anthony Angelo Tremamondo (concerning whom see infra], We have already seen that Domenick Angelo and his wife were well known at the Court of Sardinia, and it is not impossible (as alleged) that a brother of Domenick held such an appointment. That brother, if any such appointment ever was made by ' Letters Patent,' may have been Francis Xavier, unless indeed the Turin ' Angelo Tremamondo ' was really Anthony Angelo 'Tremamondo himself^ which is just as likely, seeing that it was probably Anthony who had gone forward with Domenick's consignment of sixty hunters to the King of Sardinia in 1765.* In either case it is not a little strange that Henry Angelo, the family annalist, who loves to revel in royalties and lords and glories of all sorts, seems never to have heard of the ' Letters Patent ' appointing a near kinsman of his own Master of the Horse to H.R.H. Maurice of Savoy at a salary of 1,500 francs a year. These ' Letters Patent ' are too interesting not to be given in full from the translation in my posses- sion, and here they are : —

Benedetto Maurizio di Savoia, Duke of Chablais, Prince of Bene, Dromero, Biu, Crescentino, Busea and Trino ; Marquis of Cantello, Santhia, Desana, Borgomanero, and Ghemare ; Count of Polenzo, Roccabruna, Ticerae, and Aper- tole ; all of which cities, lands, and places, appertain unto us ; as also Marquis of Aglie, Count of Bairo and Osegna.

During all the period in which Angelo Tremamondo has held provisionally the office of our Master of the Horse, We having had opportunity of observing, no less his wisdom and punctuality in the fulfilment of his duties, than his

1 See ante.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 37

ability, knowledge, and singular skill, as to the management and direction of horses, We are willingly disposed to sign our favour establishing him our Master of the Horse, being confident that he will fully realize our expectations. So by this certificate, signed by Our hand, sealed with our seal, and countersigned by our Secretary of the Cabinet, We elect, constitute, and depute the above men- tioned Angelo Tremamondo to be our Master of the Horse with all the honours, privileges, rights, prerogatives, and other things appertaining to this employ- ment, and with an annual stipend of one thousand five hundred francs, which we send to the Treasurer of our House and Household to pay him proportion- ately, at the terminations of the quarters, commencing from the date of the gift, and continuing during his services and our pleasure on condition that he gives the required oath to cease his former employment. We send in the meanwhile to all our officials, and to whosoever else be proper, to recognize him, esteem him, and make him generally known as our Master of the Horse, and to the Inten- dant General of our House and Household to inscribe him as such on the Balance of Accounts, making him of consequence, and letting him enjoy the stipend and other things above mentioned. This is our desire. Dated at Turin, 5th July, 1776.

Patent of Master of the Horse to your Royal Highness in favour of Angelo Tremamondo, with all the honours, privileges, rights, prerogatives, and other things belonging to this employment, with an annual stipend of 1,500 francs, to commence from the date of the gift, on condition that he gives the required oath and ceases the employment he formerly held.

III. JOHN XAVIER TREMAMONDO, born at Leghorn on 22 September, 1723, was the fourth son of James Trema- mondo of Leghorn, and the third of the ' four brothers ' referred to by Henry Angelo in his Reminiscences. If I am right in my present deductions he is the c Angelo Trema- mondo ' so famous in his day as the Master of the Royal Academy of Exercises in Edinburgh — as well known and as widely respected in the northern capital as his brother Domenick was in the southern.

He followed Domenick to England in or about 1753, and with Domenick he lived and worked up to the year 1763. His name never appears on the Rate Books as a separate house- holder, which is the evidence that he shared a domicile with Domenick. In St. James' Street, close to Domenick's house in St. James' Place, there was living at the same time a certain Peter Dubourgh whose name appears on the Rate Books, for instance in 1762 as 135. ioj</. in arrear (Rate Books, St. James' Parish). John Xavier Tremamondo's wife was also named Dubourg — Marie Francoise Justine Dubourgh. She was pro- bably a relation of the Peter Dubourgh of St. James' Street, and John Xavier Tremamondo married her in or just before 1759, the year in which Sir Joshua Reynolds painted her

38 THE ANCESTOR

picture. As will be seen by the print from the original which is now in the possession of Mrs. Smith of Stoke Leigh, Weybridge, she was charmingly pretty.

When Domenick Angelo moved from Leicester Fields to Soho in 1763, his brother John went to Edinburgh, furnished no doubt with strong support from the Royal Family. There he opened an academy for both riding and fencing, and there buildings and a manage were promptly built for him by the in- habitants at a cost of £2,733 1SS- His official salary was £200 a year, in addition to which he was allowed to charge three guineas a month as his tuition fee from every gentleman attending his academy. He realized his ambition when in 1776 the academy received a royal charter. Officially he was known in Edinburgh as c Mr. Angelo Tremamondo,' or familiarly as * Mr. Angelo,' a name which on Scottish lips soon assumed the form of Ainslie. His block of buildings and stables measured 150 ft. each way, and the actual riding school 124 ft. by 42 ft.1 The Weekly Magazine for 1776 de- scribes a ' carnival ' held at the Royal Riding School, at which the gentlemen performed their various equestrian exercises with great dexterity, and at which ' a gold medal with a suit- able device and motto, given by Mr. Angelo,' was presented by the Countess of Selkirk, as the prize of successful merit, to Robert Cay, Esq., of Northumberland.

The edifice in which he so long officiated was pulled down to make way for the new Surgeons' Hall.2

That he was a fencing master as well as a riding master is proved by the Edinburgh Directory for 1775-6, in which he is entered thus : ' Angelo Tremamondo — Fencing Master, Nicholson Street.' 3

Kay gives an equestrian portrait of John Angelo in a Khevenhuller hat and long riding boots. He died in Edinburgh leaving no issue by his second wife, his daughter who had married a surgeon named Miller having predeceased him.

DEATH. — On March i6th, 1805, at Edinburgh, aged 84, Mr. Angelo Tre- mamondo, late Master of the Royal Academy of Riding there. (Edinburgh Magazine for 1805 ; also Scots Magazine for 1805, p. 563)

His widow appears to have left England altogether, and it is supposed that she died in Florence.

1 Old and New Edinburgh, vol. ii. and Scots' Magazine for December, 1763. J Ibid. 3 Copy in B.M.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 39

The following copy of a deed in Edinburgh constitutes John Xavier Tremamondo's last will and testament made twelve days before his death : —

REGISTER OF DEEDS, EDINBURGH.

Deed of settlement of GIOVANNI XAVERIO TREMAMONDO, born Vol. 306, in the city of Leghorn in Tuscany, late Master of the Royal Aca- p. 999, demy of Exercises in Edinburgh, and MARIE FRANCOISE JUSTINE 25th April, DUBOURGH, born in the city of Versailles in France, spouses, hereby 1805. mutually give, etc., to each other and the survivor of them, the debts, money, arrears of life-rent, and other annuities and capital stock in the public funds of Great Britain, France, or those of any other King- dom or Republic or State, etc. And whereas in 1801 they executed a deed con- veying the same to Michael Francis Cosnard Du Park, born in the city of Constance, Department of La Manche, Republic of France, etc., and whereas since that period the said Michael has behaved very ill to them, they hereby revoke the said will, etc., and these presents alone are their last will, etc., and shall be effectual after their deaths.

Dated at Edinburgh 4th March, 1805.

(Signed) GIONI XAVERIO TREMAMONDO,

MARIE FRANCOISE JUSTINE TREMAMONDO DUBOURC.

It does not appear who Michael Francis Cosnard Du Park was — some relation probably of Mrs. Angelo. Besides his daughter by Marie Dubourgh I take it that John Angelo of Edinburgh had also a son by a former alliance contracted in Italy, as to which see postea under Anthony Angelo Tremamondo.

IV. LEONARD MARIA TREMAMONDO. He was born as we have seen at Leghorn on 6 September, i?25> being the fifth son of Giacomo Tremamondo, and the fourth of the c four brothers ' mentioned by Henry Angelo in his Reminis- cences as having come within his knowledge. That he followed Domenick to England and became his brother's superinten- dent at the establishment in Carlisle Street is practically certain. For some reason in 1777 he sought to better his fortunes and applied therefore to the East India Company for a passage to Calcutta, as recorded in the following entract : —

29 Jan. 1777. Petition of Mr. Leonardo Angelo to proceed to Bengal to teach the arts of Riding and Fencing.

ORDERED that the same be not granted (Directors' Court Minutes, India Office).'

He reappears in 1785 as a witness at his niece Caroline's

» It is to be supposed that his request was not granted on account of his age. Leonard was then over fifty.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 41

marriage to Captain St. Leger, signing himself ' Leonardo Tremamondo,' but he is not a witness to Catherine's marriage in 1790, and his subsequent history is as yet unknown.

ANTHONY ANGELO TREMAMONDO.— We have seen that the elder Angelo's usual signature was Domenico Angela Tremamondo, and that his brother John of Edinburgh figured as Angela Tremamondo. We have now to take up the story of Antonio Angelo Tremamondo.

When John Xavier Tremamondo and Leonard Maria Tremamondo followed their brother Domenick to England some time anterior to the year 1760 they probably brought in their train a young boy, Antonio Angelo Tremamondo, born abroad in the year 1747-8. This boy grew up of the house- hold of Domenick in Soho, and, having received a thorough training in scientific horsemanship, he lived to become official Riding Master to the army of Bengal, and to introduce into India precisely those methods of riding, breaking and training cavalry horses which had won the approval of Lord Pem- broke, and which Domenick Angelo had also imparted to the representative riding masters from the various regiments who had come up to him for instruction. As this boy also lived to become the founder of that branch of the Angelo family which in every generation since has given of its sons to serve with distinction in our Indian army, he ranks in the pedigree next in importance after Domenick himself, and becomes an object of more than ordinary interest. Unfortunately the place of his birth I have not yet discovered, while even the name of his father has been a matter of some uncertainty. It is well known however that 'he was the son of one of the three brothers who settled in England, that he was born in Italy and that his mother's name was Pescara.' l This lady claimed kindred indeed with the princely house of Di Pescara, one of the oldest and noblest families of Italy, whose name often figures in the history of Europe, and one of whom, a Marquis of Pescara, commanded the armies of Charles V. and defeated Francis I. at the battle of Pavia.1 From such an illustrious stock on his mother's side was Anthony Angelo's mother said, whether rightly or

1 Family Evidences pents Miss B. Angelo.

42 THE ANCESTOR

wrongly, to be descended. And his father, { whom he well re- membered to have taken him from time to time when a boy to Holland House to see the Foxes with whom the Angelos were on terms of intimacy,'1 was doubtless John Angelo after- wards so famous as the Master of the Royal Academy of Exercises at Edinburgh already spoken of. Anthony Angelo is one of the very few members of his family mentioned by Henry Angelo in his veracious pages. Referring to Zoffany he says : —

Though advanced in years he went to India where he met with my cousin, Captain Angelo, who was in the Body Guard, and who at that time was particularly patronized by Governor Hastings. My cousin and Zoffany were on the most intimate terms (Reminiscence!).

Years before that however, when in 1 763 John Angelo went north with his new French wife to win the plaudits of the Scots by feats of horsemanship on his coal-black charger, almost as marvellous as those performed by Domenick on his famous white steed ' Monarch,' he seems to have left the young Anthony behind him in charge of his prosperous and more distinguished brother.

At thematie'ge of Domenick Angelo, Anthony must have been in the constant habit of meeting people good for him to know. Among these there were two who ultimately became warmly attached to him, and who remained his fast friends to the end. These were Warren Hastings and Zoffany the Royal Acade- mician. The former was at home for well-earned rest between 1764 and 1769, the very time when Domenick's star was most resplendent, and must have been a frequent visitor, in common with other notabilities, to Carlisle Street. Zoffany was a great friend of Domenick. ' Often have I seen Zoffany at my father's table in Carlisle Street,' writes Henry in his Reminis- cences, and2 it was Zoffany who with his own hands adorned the walls of Domenick's ' villa ' at Acton.3 All these three — Warren Hastings, Zoffany and Anthony Angelo — were destined to meet again, and play their parts in Bengal. Warren Hast- ings returned to Madras in 1769 and went on to Calcutta as first Governor-General of India in 1773. Anthony Angelo followed his friend in 1778, embarking some time in the late spring. He did not go without high recommendation, and

1 Family Evidences penes Miss B. Angelo. 2 Vol. ii. 107. 3 Ibid.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 43

the tradition in the family that the Prince of Wales himself (afterwards George IV.) smiled on his fortunes is probably founded on fact, if His Royal Highness' youthful passion for Sophie Angelo was also a fact, or indeed in any case, since all the Angelos everlastingly basked in the sunshine of royal favour. There is at the India Office no evidence to show that Anthony sailed in any official capacity. On the contrary the evidence there would suggest that he went as a private in- dividual, because in the records of the old East India Com- pany it is stated that in December, 1781, Lieutenant A. Tremamondo had permission to send 100 moidores by the hands of the captain of the Swallow to Europe. One hundred moidores were the equivalent of £130, which was about the cost of a passage to India in those days, and that sum so sent was perhaps a refund of his own passage-money to Domenick or to his father, John Angelo of Edinburgh.

But if Anthony Angelo went out as a private individual, he did not arrive as a mere adventurer. There can be no doubt whatever about his credentials — that he was backed by unusually high interest. He at once became the protegt not merely of Warren Hastings himself, but even of the Governor- General's enemies in the Council, who were only too ready to seize any opportunity to harass and thwart the great pro-consul, but who deigned to smile on Anthony Angelo. There is a Bengal Army List of the year 1778 still extant in the India Office, which shows that ' Anthony Angelo Tremamondo ' had become cadet, ensign and lieutenant, apparently by cumulative act, by the month of December very soon after he had landed in the country. But what is more remarkable is that the Governor-General in Council created a special appointment of a lucrative character in Angelo's favour,1 besides granting him a large tract of land in the Chowringee suburb of Calcutta. Thus immediately on or soon after his arrival we find him first with an assured status as an officer of the Body Guard, and next in the receipt of a large official income in addition to his ordinary pay, which, with the substantial earnings of his manage, enabled him to return to England in a few years with a hand- some fortune — one of Fortune's favourites who had shaken the pagoda-tree to some purpose.

1 His income as Riding Master to the Army alone was 1,500 rupees a month, or over £2,000 a year.

44 THE ANCESTOR

But it is time for the Voices of the Past to take up the story themselves. The following copies were taken by me first hand from the original records in Calcutta or at the India Office, and scarcely need comment.1

I. FROM THE INDIA OFFICE

24th July, 1 780 (Calcutta). Lieut. Tremamondo — Read a letter as follows from Lieutenant Tremamondo : —

HONBLE. SIRS, — The very great favour you have already shown me to confer on me a Grant of Land for the purpose of erecting a Riding School (on the plan of those in Europe) impresses me with the deepest gratitude.

The extraordinary encouragement it has met with by the increase of scholars, and applications from all parts for training and breaking horses, at the same time that it evinces the real benefit and advantage of the undertaking, renders it in- dispensably necessary to solicit a further Grant of Land to the northward, not exceeding two beggabs. I have endeavoured to deserve the high mark of favour received by the unwearied zeal and diligence I have given to the plan, which I trust will hereafter become useful to the country by laying a foundation for the improvement of the Cavalry of Bengal.

I have, etc.,

ANCELO TREMAMONDO. May 30, 1780.

AGREED that a space of 80 feet north of the north range of Mr. Angelo Tre- mamondo's Stables and running in a parallel line East and West of the East Ditch of the Road leading to the Court House, and ending at the Ditch opposite the house formerly occupied by the Commander-in-Chief be granted, etc., etc. (Bengal Public Consultations).

loth October, 1780. Read the following letter from Mr. Angelo Trema- mondo : —

HONBLE. SIR AND SIRS, — I beg leave humbly to submit the following out- line of a Proposal for the better Training of all the Cavalry on the Bengal Establishment.2

I will be ready to receive two Troopers out of each separate Troop of the three Regiments of Cavalry, and to instruct them correctly in the Art of Riding, agreeable to the Principles (recommended by LORD PEMBROKE) the most ap- proved in Europe, and universally adopted in every Regiment of Cavalry, as well Horse as Light Dragoons. I will undertake to qualify the said Troopers of the different Corps to train their Cavalry Horses exactly conformable to the above method of the Armies in Europe, enabling them on their return to join their

1 Angelo's first application for land for his manage, with the deliberations of Council thereupon, no longer exist. All such documents at Calcutta anterior to the year 1780 or thereabouts were ordered to be destroyed by the late General Chesney (as I was informed) when he was in control at Calcutta.

2 It can scarcely be a coincidence that the next year (1781) Domenick in London made a similar proposal to Government for the instruction of the Horse Artillery at Woolwich, a proposal which was seconded by Lord Pembroke in a letter dated 1 6 July, 1781 (Reminiscences').

ANN CAKOIIM; AMIEI.O (Mi;.. \V. Sr. LECEK)

n D.M'iiHTI.K "I DoMKMCK.

i il

I' I'iKKI.I ,\ Sol-HIA As<:l.l.n C.I Kii.N, •MSI ]i, \IT.I1 IKK OF Do.MKMc K.

t a iniittatiat

THE ANGELO FAMILY 45

respective Corps, to instruct the rest of the Troopers belonging thereto, to ride, break, and train their own horses in the same manner, and in short to make them perfect Masters of the Art of Riding.

The Reward for effecting a Service that must require very great Labour and Perseverance I humbly submit to the Consideration of your Honble. Board. Should this Proposal meet with Approbation, and obtain me the Appointment of Riding Master to the Army, I shall make it my Constant Duty to execute it with unremitting Perseverance, Activity, and Zeal.

I have the honour, etc., etc.

(Signed) A. ANCELO TREMAMONDO.

28/6 Sept. 1780.

THE GOVERNOR GENERAL (Warren Hastings). I recommend that Mr. Angelo's Proposal be referred to the Commander-in-Chief for his opinion, and cheerfully give my consent to the proposal of it, if it should obtain his Appro- bation.

AGREED, etc. (Ibid.)

13 Oct. 1780. The Secretary informs the Board that in Conformity with this order of the loth inst. he referred the proposal made by Mr. Angelo Tremamondo to the Commander-in-Chief, who has no objection.

AGREED to Mr. Angelo Tremamondo's Proposal that he be appointed Riding Master to the Army.

ORDERED that the amount of Salary to Mr. Angelo be deferred for future Consideration (Ibid.)

[On 31 October, 1780, there is a letter from Lieutenant Tremamondo requesting that necessary orders might be issued to the different corps of cavalry to send down two troopers from each to the manage to receive instruction.]

1st Feb. 1781. Lieutenant Angelo Tremamondo, having by the Boards' Resolution of 1 3th October been appointed Riding Master to the Army, and directed to train the Cavalry in this Establishment, the Salary to be allowed him on this account having been ordered to lie for further Consideration, it is now agreed that he be permitted to draw a Salary of 1,500 Sanaut Rupees per mensem, and ordered that the same be paid him accordingly by the Military Paymaster General (Ibid.)

i gth March, 1781. Read the following Letter from Lieutenant Angelo Tremamondo : —

HONBLE. SIR AND SIRS, — [He reports that the Troopers arrived on the 1st February for Instruction, and requests orders for their horses to be brought, or an equal number to be bought in Calcutta.] The usual allowance for doathing, feeding, and quartering these Men and Horses will, I hope, be allowed me by the Honble. Board.

I have the honour to be, etc.,

(Signed) A. A. TREMAMONDO. CALCUTTA, lf,th March, 1781.

AGREED that Lieutenant Angelo Tremamondo be authorized to purchase horses for the Troopers that have lately arrived to receive his Instructions,and that he be directed to report to the Board how many and the Prices.

D

46 THE ANCESTOR

ORDERED that the Commander-in-Chief be desired to inform the Board what he deems a proper and a fit allowance to Lieutenant Angelo for feeding and quartering the men and horses (Ibid.)

2. COPIED IN CALCUTTA

[On 19 March, 1781, the Commander-in-Chief (General Stibbert) sent a return of the strength of the ' new raised troop of cavalry, and recommended that the men and horses required to complete the troop should be sent to Mr. Tremamondo for instructions.']

Minutes of Council, 19 March, 1781. A Troop of Cavalry having been lately ruined by the voluntary Contributions of the European Inhabitants of the Pre- sidency for the service of the present [Mahratta] War,1 AGREED that Captain James Salt be appointed to the command of it, and ORDERED that it do join the Detachment in the Field under the command of Colonel Ironside.

ORDERED that the number of men and horses required to complete the troop be placed under the command of Lieutenant Angelo Tremamondo until such time as they are qualified to fill it.

[On 22 March, 1781, there was a letter from Lieu- tenant Angelo Tremamondo informing the Board that the number of horses required for the service should be equal to the number of men, namely twenty-six.]

Ibid. 2 April, 1781. I European Sergeant, 2 Duffadars, and 23 private Moguls being instructed by Lieutenant Angelo Tremamondo, ORDERED that the Military Paymaster be directed to pay him, etc., etc.

ORDERED that the horses purchased for the Troopers be mustered and en- rolled with those of the Governor General's Body Guard, and that they remain under the distinct charge of Lieutenant Tremamondo.

Ibid, the same date, 2 April, 1781. ORDERED that they be returned on the strength of the Governor General's Body Guard and drawn for accordingly.

ORDERED that the Paymaster General do advance to Lieutenant Trema- mondo for providing stables for D° the sum of 1 3 rupees per man, each horse, etc., etc.

3. FROM THE INDIA OFFICE

4th December, 1781 (Calcutta). Lieutenant A. Tremamondo requests Per- mission to send 100 Moidores by Order to Europe. Granted. (Ibid.)

aoth February, 1784. Read a letter from Lieutenant Angelo Tremamondo as follows : —

HONBLE. SIR AND SIRS, — Encouraged by the Patronage, etc., I take the Liberty, etc. I arrived in Bengal in the latter end of the Year 1778, intending, if I should meet encouragement, to follow my Profession of a Riding Master. I was so fortunate as to find that the Institution of a Public Manege seemed to meet the Approbation as well of the Settlement in General as of your Honble.

1 The names of the inhabitants who furnished the horses were ordered to be entered on the Records.

THE ANGELO FAMILY

47

Board. Many Gentlemen were eager to become my Pupils, and your Honble. Board was pleased to favour me with the Grant of a Piece of Ground for the express and sole Purpose of erecting on it a Manege. I lost no time in construct- ing the proper Buildings, and within the space of one Year had the Satisfaction to see them finished. I had soon several Pupils, and had besides the Happiness to receive from your Honble. Board the Appointment of Riding Master to the Army with the Salary of 1,500 Rupees per month. I can venture to assert that no Activity, Diligence, or Attention was wanting on my Part to deserve the liberal Encouragement with which I had been honored. A variety of other Causes, however, soon conspired to lessen the number of my Pupils. The Novelty of the Institution had ceased, the Exercise was found by some too violent for the Climate, many of the Gentlemen most disposed to persevere were obliged to leave Calcutta, others, in the Civil Service, were prevented from attending by the Duties of their Office, and the Junior Part of the Army to whom the Art of Riding was a most essential Part of Education,were in general unable to bear the Expense necessarily attending its Attainment. From these and other Causes my School declined. For many Months I had only one Pupil, and now I have only Three. The Honble. Board besides have found it necessary among their other Retrench- ments to annihilate the Appointment of Riding Master to the Army. The Manege, with the Stable, Dwelling House, and other necessary Buildings, notwith- standing the strictest economy was observed in their Construction, cost 80,000 Rupees, the whole of which I was under the Necessity of borrowing, and though for these many months past the profits of the Manege have been greatly unequal to the necessary expenses of it, I have considered myself as bound by my implied Engagements with the Public and the Board to keep up the former and usual Establishment of Servants and Horses.

In this situation I look up for Relief to your Honble. Board, from whence alone I can hope to receive it, and earnestly request that you will be pleased to annul the Conditions annexed to the former Grant of the Ground, and give me new Pottahs (grants or leases) of it under the same rent, but with permission to build on it as many Dwelling Houses as I shall think proper. I do not expect this indulgence will by any means re-imburse the money which I have expended in the erection of the Manege, but I take the Liberty of soliciting it in preference to any other mode of relief, because it seems the least liable to objection. I have the honour to be, etc.,

(Signed) A. ANGILO TREMAMONDO. FORT WILLIAM,

\2th February, 1784.

THE GOVERNOR GENERAL (Warren Hastings). Having, on Public Grounds, afforded Mr. Angelo every assistance that my Example and Countenance could produce, while he had a prospect of gaining a livelihood by his Profession, I now recommend his present Application to the Indulgence of the Board, that the Ground originally assigned for the purpose of a Manege be granted him absolutely and a new Pottah granted for the Same.

MR. WHELER. As the Ground on which Mr. Angelo's Riding House and Stables are erected have become his sole property subject to a particular re- striction mentioned in the Pottah or Grant, which Restriction if not taken off would entail a public Nuisance to the Town of Calcutta in Perpetuity, I am very happy in the Opportunity of freeing the Inhabitants of that Part of the Town

48 THE ANCESTOR

from the Inconvenience they are at present subjected to by his Stables and Riding House, and therefore agree with the Governor General that such Pottah shall be granted, empowering Mr. Angelo to convert the Ground already granted to him to more useful purposes.

MR. STABLES. I agree to comply with Mr. Tremamondo's request, that the Town may be relieved from the present Nuisance (Ibid.)

Ibid. 23rd February, 1784. Lieutenant A. Tremamondo encloses a List of Horses belonging to his Detachment (i.e. of the Body Guard) at the Manege. He cannot tell what they sold for, having delivered them by Order to Lieutenant A. Murray, Quarter Master of Cavalry.

LIST of Horses for the Governor General belonging to the Detachment of the Body Guard at the Manege : —

Received from the Honble. Company, Horses — 26.

Dead, January 23rd, 1782, a Bay Horse

February 4th, , a Grey „

1 5th, March 1 6th,

29th, April 1 6th,

a Bay a Bay a Dun a Sorell

6

Delivered to Lieut. Murray, Quarter Master of Cavalry ... 20

Total of Horses received from the Honble. Company .... 26

(Signed) ANCELO TREMAMONDO,

Lieutenant. (Ibid.)

2 1st February, 1785. Read Letter from the Commander-in-Chief : — GENTLEMEN, — At the Request of Lieutenant Anthony Angelo Tremamondo I do myself the honour to lay before you the accompanying Letter soliciting Per- mission to resign the Service and proceed to Europe on the Corntoallis for the purpose of settling his private Affairs, etc.

In the Station Lieutenant Tremamondo filled as a Lieutenant in the Gover- nor's Troop and Riding Master to the Army, his Conduct, I must obserre, has been satisfactory and creditable.

I have, etc.,

(Signed) G. STIBBERT. FORT WILLIAM,

17*4 February, 1785. (Ibid.)

In his own letter Lieutenant Tremamondo expresses his intention to return when his affairs have been adjusted, and wishes his intention to be expressed to the Honourable Court of Directors in such terms as may facilitate his restoration to the Service.

He expresses a lively sense of gratitude and best wishes for the Board's success in affairs.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 49

He signs himself in full : —

'ANTHONY ANGELO TREMAMONDO,

Lieutenant.'

4. COPIED IN CALCUTTA

Minutes of Council, 21 February, 1785. AGREED that Lieutenant Anthony Angelo Tremamondo be permitted to resign the Service and proceed to Europe for the purpose of settling his Private Affairs.

So closed Anthony Angelo's connection with the Governor- General's Body Guard and the army of Bengal. He left his mark, and his mark remains on the cavalry forces of our Indian empire to this day.

And here it may not be amiss to mention that the Body Guard in which Anthony Angelo held a commission was originally raised in 1773, when Warren Hastings first took up the reins as Governor-General of British India. Its first commanding officer was Captain Toone, who resigned com- mand of the troop on 27 January, 1777, and who was succeeded by Captain Horton Briscoe.1 Retiring to Eng- land in broken health Toone settled at Bath, from which place he kept up an interesting correspondence with Warren Hastings.2 As a troop the Body Guard has been on active service in the course of its history only once, and that was in the Rohilla campaign in the time of Warren Hastings.3

I believe it was Anthony Angelo's rosy descriptions of oriental possibilities that induced his old friend Zoffany, the once famous painter, to follow him to Bengal in 1781, where, at Calcutta and subsequently at the Court ofOude, he amassed a large fortune, returning to England in 1786. In Calcutta traces of Zoffany are still to be found, notably in the large altar-piece which he painted for ' The Old Church ' — the church of St. John — and which is now preserved against the wall in the west gallery. It is a glowing Rubens-like picture of the Last Supper, an enormous canvas, exhibiting in the faces of Christ and the Apostles portraits of the principal Eng- lish merchants, or others, resident in Calcutta at the time. An amusing story is told of one of them, namely that there was then in Calcutta a certain European, an auctioneer, en- dowed with the face of a malefactor, who sat for the Judas

1 Calcutta Records.

8 Letters in original in B.M.

3 India Office Records.

5o THE ANCESTOR

in the fond belief that he was personating St. John, the Be- loved Disciple. When the picture was set up, his amaze- ment at the trick played upon him was equalled only by his indignation, for a more sinister expression of face no one could imagine. Hence his soubriquet, 'Judas Iscariot,' a nickname which was revived for the benefit of a certain gallant officer on the north-west frontier of India more than a genera- tion ago.

Warren Hastings quitted India for ever in February, 1785. The Cornwallis sailed in March, but Anthony Angelo's private affairs in Calcutta must have detained him till June or later. In the Calcutta Gazette of 6, 13, 20 and 27 May, 1785, copies of which are in the British Museum, I find a notice headed —

PRIVATE SALE — All the ground and buildings of the Riding School, Cal- cutta, etc. — Apply to Mr. Angelo Tremamondo.

I do not know where Anthony spent the two years inter- vening between his return and the date of his marriage, but 1 suspect he was part of the time at any rate with his friends in Edinburgh. Some time after his arrival in London however he established himself in a house, then numbered 22, now 43 or 45, in Howland Street, Fitzroy Square, in the parish of St. Pancras, within a very short distance of Domenico's house in Carlisle Street, and there he married and lived in good style. His wife was a charming young lady, a minor, less than half his own age. They were married so quietly that not one of his relations was present at the wedding, the only witnesses being the old rector of St. Pancras and the pew-opener. The following is from a certified copy from the register :—

(OLD ST. PANCRAS). — ANTONIUS, or ANTHONY, ANGELO TREMAMONDO a Bachelor of this Parish, and Elizabetha MARTHA BLAND, also of this Parish,1 a Minor, with the consent of Jane Bland, the lawful Mother of the said Minor, were married in this Church by Licence (B.L.) this twenty seventh Day of July in the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty Seven by me,

E. WHITAKER, Curate.

This marriage was solemnized between us : —

ANTHONY ANGELO TREMAMONDO, ELIZABETHA MARTHA BLAND. In the Presence of —

BENJ. MENCE, MARY MORGAN.

1 Mrs. Bland must have lived in apartments, as her name is not in the list of householders in the Rate Books.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 51

But though married so quietly, Elizabetha Martha Bland came of a very interesting and romantic stock. Her father was Edward Bland,1 and if so (as I have been informed) the following entry from the registers of St. Martin's-in-the- Fields will refer to her : —

BAPTISMS. 1 767, Sept. 27. Martha Bland, (d.) of Edward and Jane (Bland). (Born) Sept. 12.

If, as alleged, this is the baptismal register of Anthony Angelo Tremamondo's wife, it will be noticed that by the day of her marriage she had acquired the added name of Eliza- betha. To be sure it would have been quite in the delightful old Angelo manner to glorify the homely ' Martha ' with the stately ' Elizabetha,' but I am not convinced that the two entries refer to the same individual.2 Whether or not, she was at least a grand-daughter of John Bland, who was the son of Nathaniel Bland, Doctor of Laws, and Judge of the Prerogative Court of Dublin.3 The story of his service in Bland's Dragoons (now the 3rd King's Hussars), how he fought at Dettingen, how he was made a prisoner by the French at Fontenoy, and took part in repressing the Jacobite rebellion of 1745, how he met West Digges the player and went on the stage, how his offended friends came and hissed him off, how he became joint lessee of the Edinburgh Theatre with Digges in 1772-3, how he retired in 1778, having been for twenty-three years a prime favourite in Edinburgh, how he wrote a novel, Frederick the Forsaken, and how lastly he died in poverty, belong to the history of the British stage which he adorned so well. He had two brothers, the Reverend James Bland of Derryquin Castle, co. Waterford, and Francis Bland of Killarney, who married the actress, ' Mrs. Francis,' who was a Miss Grace Phillips, daughter of the Reverend Dr. Phillips of Waterford. These two had issue a Mr. George Bland who was with Kemble, and that consummate artist, second only to Siddons, Dorothea Bland, ' Miss Francis,' best known by her later stage-name of c Mrs. Jordan,' the mother of the children of His Majesty William IV., and a great-grandmother of the present Duke of Argyll, husband of the Princess Louise.

» An Edward Bland lived in Spur Street, Soho, his house rated at £48 a year (true rent, £52) (Rate Books).

3 They do, and Anthony's will; to be presently quoted^ shows that his wife's name was Martha only.

3 From a printed pedigree of the Angelo family.

52

THE ANCESTOR

George Bland of Kemble's Company more than once acted Sebastian to his sister's Viola at Drury Lane.1 He married Miss Romanzini, also of Drury Lane, in 1790,° who in 1792 crowned him with twin children.3 I cannot tell if (Elizabetha) Martha Bland ever graced the stage herself. Pretty, charming and accomplished as she was, she might well have done so with so much talent and interest to recommend her, and it is not unlikely, as I find that in April, 1787, some months before Anthony Angelo's marriage, a 'Miss Francis ' was acting at the Haymarket.* Be that as it may, the short pedi- gree following will show her connection with her celebrated cousin, ' Mrs. Jordan,' and through her with Mrs. Jordan's royal offspring.

PEDIGREE 4 The Very Reverend James Bland, Dean of Ardfert

Nathaniel Bland, LL.D., Judge, Prerogative Court, Dublin

Capt. John Bland of Rev. Jas. Bland Francis Bland of Killarney = Grace Phillips

Bland's Dragoons of Derryquin (by a 2nd wife) (N. & Q. I ('Mrs. Francis')

and the Theatre Castle ser. 9, xii. 277)

Royal, Edinburgh |

II T

Edward Bland=Jane George Bland of Dorothea Bland, first

Drury Lane ' Miss Francis,' and

—Miss Romanzini, subsequently 'Mrs.

1790 Jordan*

(Elizabetha) Martha=Anthony Angelo George, first Earl of

Bland, mar. Tremamondo, Munster, eldest son

27 July, 1787 b. 1747, d. 1829 of William IV.

The following names may also refer to members of the family of Elizabetha Martha Bland, though the records are too meagre to furnish a theory of themselves : —

1 For all these details about the Blands consult A History of the Bland Family, by Carlisle (copy in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries) ; D.N.B. ; N. and Q., ser. 9, xii. 207 ; Dibdin's Annals of the Edinburgh Stage, pp. 139, 170, 173~S ! Genealogical Magazine,No. 12, April, 1898, p. 692; Angelo War Ser- vices (1903).

2 G.M. p. 956.

3 Ibid. 1792.

4 Genest's History of the Stage, vi. 453.

s.

o

f- -s.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 53

BURIALS (Old St. Pancras')

Sept. 28, 1772, Frances Bland. Oct. 26, 1774, John Bland (child). May 10, 1777, John Bland (child). Aug. 2, 1778, Charles Bland. Oct. I, 1780, John Bland. Nov. 7, 1782, Ann Bland.

In Rowland Street, Fitzroy Square, St. Pancras, Anthony Angelo Tremamondo lived close to the open fields, where now are to be seen only bricks and mortar, up to the year 1 806, and there most of his children were born. The St. Pancras' Rate Books afford us glimpses of him year by year and quarter by quarter. I make two extracts as follows : —

ST. PANCRAS

Year 1797. Rowland Street, South Side, Poor Rate (u. in the £). 22 I 56 Ant" Angelo I II I £i 8/. od.

\ " For Paving Rate 60. I I

That is, the number of his house is 22, he pays two quarters ('II '), namely 285., which is at the rate of 56.$. for the year on his rateable value ^56 at is. in the £i. But for paving rate his rateable value is j£6o. Rates are never paid on the full rent. If we suppose he was allowed off one eighth for the poor rate and one sixteenth for the paving rate (which was the case), his true rent must have been £64 a year, which represents at that time a good house and a good locality.

Here is another extract showing that he was still living in St. Pancras in 1 804 — in fact he remained there until after his daughter Matilda's birth in 1 805, when he moved to Maryle- bone : —

ST. PANCRAS

1804. Rowland Street, South Side : —

22 | 60 | Ant" Angelo I n I £i los. od.

Reduced on application (being Poor Rate) to £56

Anthony Angelo's portrait when he was about forty, painted at the time of his marriage by his old friend Zoffany, shows that he had then become stout, but it exhibits the real Angelo face with features strikingly like those of both the brothers Domenick and John Angelo. That of his wife, on the other hand, done at the same time by the same artist, is a very youthful presentment of a slender girl, a face delicate and

54 THE ANCESTOR

refined, rather of the aquiline type, with beautiful eyes, carrying that air of distinction for which her sons when serving in India were so remarkable, and which has descended to some of her representatives of the present generation. The match between these two was in every way happy, as happy as that of Domenick and Elizabeth Johnson, as cloudless as that of Garrick and his Viennese wife, Mrs. Domenick Angelo's 1 dearest friend ' — the whilom opera-dancer of Drury Lane, the beautiful Eva Maria Violetti : —

Her body all grace and all sweetness her mind,

as in eulogistic verse one of her admirers described her in 1750. To Anthony, after his labours in hot steamy Calcutta, the sweetness of the home to which he had retired on an in- come ample for every reasonable need must have been grateful indeed, and with one of old he might have ex- claimed : —

Inveni portum — Spes et Fortuna, valete !

Such a life, however, in its otiose retirement, is all too calm and still to afford much matter for biography. And yet the baptismal records of his children at St. Patrick's Church, Soho Square afford us unexpected glimpses of his serene home, and of the character and position of some at least of the numerous friends who used to visit him and to enjoy his hospitality in Rowland Street. Among them we find mention made of Warren Hastings and his wife Martha, of Gavin Hamilton, Zoffany, General Benoit de Boigne, and especially of congenial friends of the operatic or dramatic stage.

Let us look at those registers. At that period Father Gaffy was the priest at the church of St. Patrick, which was founded in 1791 or 1792 on the site of the once notorious Mrs. Cornely's Carlisle house. It stood exactly opposite the other Carlisle house, just across the square, in which Domenick and his gentle wife lived and reigned with so much distinction and so much social success for forty years (1763— 1802). When Anthony Angelo in 1 806 moved his residence from St. Pan- eras to Marylebone, from Howland Street to Newman Street, Father Gaffy must have transcribed the baptismal records of twelve of Anthony's children, from loose memoranda very pro- bably, into the church register, and in the very beginning of

THE ANGELO FAMILY 55

the book he made a note in his own handwriting to serve as an index-note thus : —

Duodecim proles Dom. Angelo invenientur pag. 349-350.

As proles usually means descendants, and as Dom. looks suspiciously like an abbreviation of Dominici, this entry at first was rather disconcerting. It looked so much as though Father Gaffy had meant to say — ' Twelve descendants of (the famous) Domenick Angelo (then dead three or four years) will be found on pages 349-350.' I doubt not now however that the good priest's sentence was intended to read, ' Duode- cim proles Domini Angelo,' etc., that is to say, c Twelve children of Mr. Angelo will be found on pages 349-350.' And though Dominus in ecclesiastical Latin is the honorific for a priest rather than for a layman, that of course is the only meaning that fits in with the ascertained facts of the case.

Those baptismal registers are far too interesting not to be quoted in full, and it will be most convenient to give them here, in the original Latin, as they stand in the register book, first of all however tendering to the good Fathers of St. Patrick's my best thanks for their courtesy.

ST. PATRICK'S CHURCH, SOHO SQUARE

1. 21 Nov. 1788. bapt". Maria f. Antonii Angelo Tremamondo et Eliza- bethae Marthae Bland, Conjugum, Nata die 18 ejusdem mer. Patricii (Sponsors) Georg. Liviez,1 Maria Liviez,' Francesca Corri.3

2. 18 Dec. 1789. Bapt". Ludovisa [Louisa] f. Antonii Angelo Tremamondo et Eliz Marthx Bland, C. Nata 13 ejusdem m. Pat'1, Gavin Hamilton 4 et Fran- cesca Corri. 3

1 Some of the more obvious words I abbreviate.

3 This was probably the famous dancer and ballet-master of Drury Lane and his English wife, with whom Henry Angelo stayed in Paris, and who must have returned to England to escape the horrors of the Revolution.

3 Francesca Corri was a celebrated mezzo-soprano singer of opera, etc. She was a daughter of Natale Corri, the brother of Domenico Corri (1746-1825), the great musical composer, and partner for two years of Dussek, who married his daughter Sophia. They were Italians from Rome, who lived thirteen years in Edinburgh (1774-87), after which, in the very year of Anthony's marriage, they came and settled in London. In Edinburgh they must have been on friendly terms with both the Angelos and the Elands. Domenico's most famous work was The Traveller, or Music's Fascination (D.N.£.)

« Gavin Hamilton was the famous painter and excavator (died 1797) who lived and worked for the most part in Italy. One of his sitters was the beautiful Countess of Coventry — Miss Maria Gunning (D.N.B., and N. and Q. 10 Oct. I903)-

56 THE ANCESTOR

3. 15 Feb. 1791. Bapt3 Rosalia f. Antonii Angelo Tremamondo et Eliz Martha; Bland C. Nata II ejusdem m. Pat" Joh. Zoffany,» Rosalia Maggi,*^et Maria Taylor.3

4. 3 Oct. 1792, bapt. Joannes Gulielmus Thomas Angelus f. Anton" Angelo Tremamondo et Elizabeths Martha: Bland, C. Natus 29 Sept. precedu; Pat" Joannes Gul. Rose, Eques,4 Dominicus Candidus Boyer " et Rosalia Maggi.2

5. 31 May 1795 Bapt. Antonius Edwardus Angelus f. Antonii (etc.) et Eliza- beths (etc.) conj. Natus 30 ejusdem m. Pat" Edwardus Maxwel Brown,6 et Isabella Greive.7

6. 10 Aug. 1797 Bapt. Warren Hastings Bennet f. Antonii (etc.) et Elizabeths

i John Zoffany, the Royal Academician. Died 1810. Zoffany and Gains- borough both rest in the historic churchyard of Kew.

3 Rosalia Maggi. Francesca Corri had a sister named Rosalia, also a public singer, though not so famous. This is probably she under her married name. Possibly these Maggis were connected with the family of Carlo Maggi, a famous Milanese sonneteer of the seventeenth century, some of whose sonnets were translated into English (D.N.B.).

3 Mary Taylor — perhaps Mary the wife of Thomas Taylor the Platonist, who was a familiar figure in Soho. Their son, Thomas Proclus Taylor, wrote for the stage (N. and Q. ser. 7, ix. 194). Or she may be identified with Mrs. Taylor, a well-known actress of the time at Drury Lane (Genest's History of the Stage).

* John William Rose. A Domenick Rose was living in Poland Street, Soho, in 1758 (Rate Books). Dr. William Rose, famous for his Translations of Sallust, kept a flourishing school at Chiswick, which Henry Angelo attended before going to Eton. I do not know if these three Roses were slips of the same Rose, or of different Roses.

5 Domenick White Boyer. There were several Boyers in the service of the E. I. Company. Thus, Cornelius Boyer, C.B., went out as a cadet in 1799.

« Edward Maxwel Brown. This is another witness whom I have not had the time to identify.

i Isabella Greive of Soho Square was the wife of Davidson Richard Greive, once of co. Northumberland. She died 15 November, 1827, aged 78 (tablet in church). Her husband was the notorious revolutionist, and persecutor of Madame Dubarry. He was a son of Richard Greive (or Grieve), an attorney of Alnwick in co. Northumberland, and Elizabeth Davidson. The writer in the D.N.B. infers that he never was married. Evidently he was, and either he had abandoned his wife or she had renounced him. He died at Brussels 22 February, 1809 (D.N.B).

THE ANGELO FAMILY 57

(etc.) conj. Natus 15 Aprilis prec. Pat" Warren Hastings, Eques,1 et Bennet de Boyne, Generalis,' Martha Hastings, » et Matilda Angelo [sister].*

7- J7 Aug. 1798 Bapt. Cfcilia Cromy f. Antonii (etc.) et Elizabeth* (etc.) conj. Natus 13 July prec. Pat" Michael Cromy « et Maria Angelo [sister].

8. 12 Ap. 1800. Bapt. Frederirus Josephus Joannes f. Antonii (etc.) et Elizabeths (etc.) conj. Natus 26 Jan. prec. Susceptrix erat Anna Bennet.'

9. 13 July 1801, Bapt. Georgius Ricardus f. Antonii (etc.) et Elizabeths (etc.) conj. Natus 20 Ap. prec. Pat11 Georgius de Liviez,7 Joannes Angelo [bro- ther], Maria de Liviez et Ludovisa Angelo [sister].

10. 16 Aug. 1802. Bapt. Ricardus Fredericus f. Antonii (etc.) et Eliza- beth* (etc.) conj. Natus 6 ejusdem m. Patu Fredericus Andree,' et Maria An- gelo [sister].

11. 29 Jan. 1804, Bapt. Christina Caroletta Adalaida f. Antonii (etc.) et Elizabethae (etc.) Nata 1 8 ejusd. m. (no godfathers entered).

12. 5 May 1805, Bapt. Matilda f. Antonii (etc.) et Elizabeth* (etc.) Nata 30 Ap. 1 805 Ceremonie suppl. die 1 5 Jan. 1 806. Pat" Antonius Angelo [brother] et Maria Angelo [sister].

13. 21 Sept. 1806, Bapt. Gulielmus Josephus Angelus f. Antonii (etc.) et Elizabethe (etc.) conj. Natus 18 ejusdem m. Pat,, Tosephus de la Nave,» et Ludovisa Angelo [sister].

1 The great Governor-General of India (1732-1818).

> General Bennet Boyne. This is the famous General, Benoit La Borgue, Count de Boigne, born at Chamberg in Savoy on 8 March 1751. After serving in the French and Russian armies, he went to India, furnished with letters from Lord Percy to Warren Hastings. For a time he was in the Bodyguard of Lord Macartney at Madras (1778). Thence he went to Calcutta in 1782, where he must have known Anthony Angelo. In 1783 he went to Lucknow, and in 1784 entered Scindia's service, retiring to London in 1797 with a fortune of £400,000. There he married a young girl, Eleonora Adele D'Osmond, daughter of the Marquis D'Osmond. They separated in 1804, and he retired to Savoy, where he died on 21 June, 1830. (Com-p ton's Military Adventurers, pp. 15-100)

' Martha, wife of Warren Hastings. Formerly the Baroness Imlioff.

« See record of her burial infra.

• Michael Cromy. There was a well-to-do family of this name living in Soho. Thus a Robert Cromey had a house in Compton Street in i7aS(Rate Books)

» Anna Bennet. When General Benoit de Boigne left India he brought with him two children of his own by a Persian lady, the daughter of a Persian Colonel. Their native names were Ali Bux and Bunco, changed at baptism to Charles Alexander and Anna respectively. The former married the daughter of a French nobleman. Bunoo (Banu, a lady of rank, the favourite name of the Queen of the Fairies in Eastern romance, as Peri-banu\ under the name Anna Bennet, is the lady here mentioned. She died in Paris in 1810. See Military Adventurers, p. 100 (1892).

7 See note 2 on p. 55.

» Frederick Andree. I have not identified this witness.

• Joseph de la Nave (Dellanave). This is also a witness I have not been able to find.

58 THE ANCESTOR

14. II Sept. 1811, Georgiana Ludovisa Francesca f. Antonii (etc.) et Eliza- beths (etc.) Nata 3 May 1811 Pat".^Georgius Templer,' Georgiana Riley' et Maria Angelo Tremamondo [sister].

To these must be added the following two children from Howland Street, whose baptismal registers are wanting : —

BURIALS (Sr. ANN'S, SOHO)

15. 5 Feb. 1794. Isabella Henrietta'Angelo, a child of six weeks from St. Pancras. Died of convulsions and buried in the South Vault.

16. 28 Sept. 1797. Matilda Angelo, aged 10 years, from Howland St., Fitzroy Square. Died of decline, and^buried in the South Vault.3

And yet again to these we may possibly add yet another son, namely,—

17. John Angelo, who reveals himself in the second of the following two burial registers : —

ST. ANN'S, SOHO : BURIALS

(1) Angelo, William Joseph, a child from Marylebone. March igth, 1807.

(2) Angelo John, a child from Marylebone, March 23rd, 1 807.*

William Joseph is No. 13, above recorded, of Anthony Angelo's children, and John was probably his twin brother. Doubtless he was the more delicate child of the two, and, pri- vately baptized, did not live for the supplementary public service in the Roman Catholic church. Both these children will have been interred in the south vault under St. Ann's.

Thus have we accounted for seventeen of the twenty-two children whom (Elizabetha) Martha Bland is said to have borne to her husband Anthony Angelo. The rest of them must, I think, have been privately baptized, and, unrecorded, must have died in first infancy.

With regard to Matilda, No. 16, she, poor little maid, only a month before her death, had stood sponsor to her little brother, Warren Hastings.

1 George Templer had been a friend of Anthony Angelo in Calcutta, where he held the position of Transport Officer to the army of Bengal (India Office Records).

3 Georgina Riley. There were two Rileys or Ryleys with whom this lady may have been connected, Charles Riley the painter (1732-98) and Samuel William Ryley the actor, and author of the Itinerant, or Memoirs of an Actor (1759-1837) (D.N.B.)

3 The south vault was reserved for those whose friends could afford to pay higher fees.

4 Unless this John Angelo was a son of George Frederick Angelo, who lived in Great Portland Street (Memoranda Papers, Record Office)

THE ANGELO FAMILY 59

From the year 1806 Anthony Angelo and his family lived at 74, Newman Street, Oxford Street, in the parish of Mary- lebone, and there full of years he died in 1829.

DIED in Newman St. 2 October, 1829, aged 82, Anthony Angelo, Esqre. (G.M. No. 99, p. 379).

His will at Somerset House bears date 21 January, 1828, and it was proved 10 October, 1829. In it he names his wife ' Martha Angelo Tremamondo,' to whom he leaves his house and all his effects, etc., etc., so long as she remains unmarried. He speaks of an ' annuity of £880 from Lord Blessington, and of another annuity of £264 from Sir William Polt.' He mentions two of his ' sons, Captain John Angelo Tremamondo, and Anthony Angelo Tremamondo,' and five daughters, namely, * Maria, Rosalinda, Matilda, Ann, and Georgiana,' on whom he settles ' £3,000 ' each. He appoints his ' wife, Martha Angelo Tremamondo, Mary Angelo Tremamondo, spinster, and Rosa- linda Helena Angelo Castell (wife of Jehosaphat Castell),' his executors.

His friend Zoffany had predeceased him, and to mark his admiration of his character had appointed him one of his executors by his will which was made 22 April, 1805, and proved 24 January, i8n,the two executors named being 1 Anthony Angelo Tremamondo of Howland St. in the Parish of St. Pancras, and Charles Dumerque of Piccadilly.' * An- thony's character like that of Domenico Angelo appears to have been that of a high-minded gentleman, and his friend- ship with Warren Hastings is confirmation strong that he was in all respects most admirable.

His sons were all educated at St. Edmund's College, Herts, and two of them were mixed up with a great out- break there in 1 809. As soon as it was over, ' Mr. Angelo,* considering that the matter had not been fairly dealt with by the college authorities, convened a meeting of the parents at his own house, but the dispute was settled amicably, the president, Dr. Poynter, standing firm. One of Anthony Angelo's autograph letters addressed to the parents still exists at the school."

The whole of his sons had distinguished careers, and those

1 Somerset House Wills. * College Evidences.

60 THE ANCESTOR

of his daughters who married, married well. Lack of space precludes me from more than a brief account of his sons : —

i. JOHN ANGELO, formerly JOHN WILLIAM THOMAS ANGELO TREMAMONDO, was admitted to the service of the East India Company on 28 October, 1808, joining the 3rd Light Cavalry of Bengal. It was characteristic of the time that though in the service of the E. I. Company he held also for a time a commission in a British regiment. He is the John Angelo for whom his father Anthony bought a cornetcy in the 22nd Light Dragoons, to which he was gazetted on i May, 1810, and a lieutenancy in the 24th Light Dragoons, to which he was gazetted on 1 4 November, 1 8 1 1 . He was strongly backed by General William St. Leger, who testified to his high character. After four years in the Company's service, he finally elected for India, and his commission in the British cavalry was sold by his father on 16 September, i8i3.1 On his return to India from furlough in September 1717, he obtained permission to drop the name of Tremamondo and to be designated in future "John Angelo? After a brilliant career of forty-five years, during which he served in every campaign, played a conspicuous part in nearly every action in India, the Punjab and Afghanistan, under thrf*most distinguished captains of the age, he retired in (it is said) 1853."

He married Eleanor, stated to have been a daugh- ter of Major Neate, 57th Regiment, who was killed at Corunna with Sir John Moore. Among his chil- dren were two sons : —

(i) "John Anthony Angelo^ born in India 27 Octo- ber, 1825.* Nominated by J. P. Muspratt, Esq., at the recommendation of E. B. Fox, Esq., he joined the Bengal (now Royal) Artillery on 2 February, 1842, playing a noble part in the Sutlej and Punjab cam-

1 Memo. Papers at the Record Office.

3 Only three of Anthony's sons were christened ' Angelo.' The rest had to assume that name when it was decided by the family to discard the surname Tremamondo and to use Angelo instead (Army Records, India Office)

s See his record in War Services of the Officers of the Army, ^Official Army List, July, 1895. « Army Records.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 61

paigns and the Mutiny, and retiring to Mussoorie for well earned rest i June, i882.1

He married a daughter of Captain W. Brookes, 75th Regiment, and had issue four sons, of whom Colonel J. W. E. Angelo commanded the I2th Bengal Infan- try ; Lieutenant George Sephote Angelo, of the 23rd Madras Light Infantry, perished at Mandalay in the Burmah campaign of 1887 ; Harry Abercrombie Angelo, of the Burmah Military Police, perished at Man- dalay in the Burmah campaign of 1886 ; and Raymond Digby, one of the handsomest men in the Indian army, adjutant of the ist Gurkha Rifles, was killed in action at Wano in Waziristan, 3 November, 1894, aged thirty.

(2) Edward Fox Angelo of the 27th (North Glou- cestershire) Regiment, and from February, 1864, of the Royal Scots. Served in the Crimea with distinction, and after a career on the staff" in India retired to Australia in 1880.

2. ANTHONY EDWARD ANGELO, born as we have seen on 30 May, 1795. From St. Edmund's, Herts, he went to Haileybury (where Henry Angelo was fencing master from 1806 to 1816) in 1813. He was ap- pointed Writer in the E. I. C. in 1815 and was appointed to Madras. In that Presidency he had a prosperous career, becoming finally judge of Chit- toor in 1840. In 1843 he resigned the Service (i January). He died on 28 July, i853.a

DEATH. July 28, 1853. In Fitzroy Square, Anthony Edward Angelo, late Judge of Chittoor, Madras Presidency (G.M. vol. 40, P-

3. WARREN HASTINGS BENNET (ANGELO), the only son who elected for the home army. He received his first appointment when he was sixteen, on 18 July,

1 See Bengal Army Lists for full details of service. > Civil Records, India Office.

E

62 THE ANCESTOR

1812, as cornet in the 25th Dragoons. On 23 February, 1815, when lieutenant he was transferred to the 8th Hussars, and retired on half-pay on 14 May, 1823. Of the next five years he spent two in Lon- don, one in France, and two in Hereford. He married 28 October, 1826, at St. Pancras' Church, London, and in 1828 had one daughter, Fanny Maria Angelo, born 20 April, 1827.' He died 20 June, 1832, aged only thirty-five, at Bayswater, Lon- don, being ' late of the 8th Hussars, and third son of Anthony Angelo, Esq.'2 He was interred at St. Ann's, Soho.

Warren Hastings Angelo had issue one son and one daughter. His son Warren Hastings Alured Angelo, born in December, 1830, died aged fifteen months in February, 1832.*

His daughter Frances (so named after her mother) had quite a romantic destiny, and as the story reflects honour upon her, I quote it : —

Fanny lived with her aunt, Mrs. C , but offended her by

going to a fancy-dress ball as a Greek. After that she stayed with the Henry Angelos, where she got her outfit for India. On her voyage out the ship caught fire, she behaved very pluckily, and the Captain, Harrison, fell in love with her and married her (Front a contemporary letter).

Courage has always been a characteristic of the Angelos, of both the men and the women.

4 FREDERICK JOSEPH JOHN (ANGELO) of the yth Bengal Light Cavalry was born on 26 January, 1800, and is described as ' son of A. Angelo, Esqr., formerly of the Company's Cavalry, Bengal.' He entered the service of the E.I.C. 14 June, 1820. He became Deputy Judge-Advocate-General of the Dinapore and Benares Division, and was permitted to make Benares his general place of residence. He resigned his ap- pointment on the staff 23 December, 1840, became a major 26 July, 1841, and was transferred to the Invalid Department and was permitted to go to the

1 Papers at the Record Office.

2 G.Af. No. 102, p. 646.

3 St. Ann's Registers, Soho.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 63

hills north of ' Deyrah ' (Mussoorie) on 4 February, I842.1

He married Catherine, a daughter of Colonel Van Cortlandt, an officer in the service of Runjeet Singh.2 He left among other sons : —

(1) Frederick Courtlandt Angela. Born in India

6 October, 1826. 'Frederick Cortlandt Angelo, son of Frederick Angelo, Esq., Lieut, in the yth Bengal Light Cavalry, and Catherine his wife, born at Karnaul on the 6th October, 1826, and baptized at the same place, 2oth November, same year, by me Edward White, Offg. Chaplain.'3 Arriving at Fort William 8 March, 1 845, he was posted to the foth N.I. at Aligarh, was transferred to the 5fth, and finally removed at his own request to the 1 6th N.I. 10 February, 1846. This officer was killed at Cawnpore in the Mutiny, June, 1857, and to complete the sad story his son (by Helena Elizabeth his wife), namely Frederick Canning Cortlandt Angelo of the 4Oth Foot, was also killed at Fort Battye, Afghanistan, in 1879-80, having been born at Calcutta, a posthumous child, on 21 September, 1857.*

(2) 'John Angelo, born in India, 15 May, 1832,

another most distinguished officer, one of the strongest men in India, famous for his powers of wrestling. Educated at Mussoo- rie, he volunteered for the Punjab cam- paign, and distinguishing himself at Chil- lianwalla and throughout the whole Punjab campaign, especially at the action of Sadula- pore, when he was c highly commended ' by General Sir J. Thackwell, on whose staff he was. As a consequence he received a commission by nomination of Sir A. Galloway, K.C.B., and recommendation of

Record ceases (Army Records, India Office).

2 His son John's evidences.

3 Old St. John's Registers, Calcutta. « Ibid.

64 THE ANCESTOR

the Rt. Hon. the Marquis of Dalhousie, Governor-General.1 He was first posted to the 68th N.I. in April, 1850, and stationed at Meerut, and on transfer to the 5Oth N.I. the same year, at Berhampore. He served through the Mutiny and was on the staff of Nicholson at the siege of Delhi. He was also in the Ambela campaign (1868), and became assistant Adjutant-General at Pes- hawur, and thence, after having been re- peatedly wounded, and mentioned in despatches, in his various campaigns, he retired to Simla as major on 7 January, 1876, where he died in the year 1900, leaving issue who on tented field and in many a hard fought fight have worthily upheld the family reputation for valour.

5. GEORGE RICHARD (ANGELO) was born on 20 April, 1801.

I have no record of the life of this son, but evidently he was the author of a book entitled Poems by George Angela, edited by Anthony Edward Angelo, 1827, which he did not live long enough to publish himself. He died at his father's house in Newman Street aged only twenty-five : —

DEATH.— Died in Newman St. 6th Dec. 1826, G. F. (for ' R. ') Angelo, Esq. (G. M. No. 96).^

6. RICHARD FREDERICK (ANGELO) was born on 6 August,

1802. He was admitted to the service 21 November, 1820, became ensign in the 23rd N.I. 3 June, 1820, lieutenant in the 34th N.I. n July, 1823, and captain in the same regiment 5 June, 1835.

He was appointed aide-de-camp to the Governor- General 10 January, 1835. Subsequently he was placed at the disposal of the Governor of the North- West Provinces, and appointed assistant to the Agent and Commissioner of Delhi. Assuming charge of his

1 Army Records, India Office.

2 The baptismal registers of George Richard and Warren Hastings Angelo show that they were both delicate chldren, as contrary to rule neither was brought to public baptism for several months after birth.

THE ANGELO FAMILY 65

office on 25 April, 1840, he became Commandant of the Palace Guards on 6 May, and on confirmation of this appointment on 19 September, 1841, ceased to be assistant to the Agent, but on 15 May, 1843, ne was again vested with powers as assistant to the Agent at Delhi in addition to his duties as Commandant of the Palace Guards.1

Richard Frederick Angelo married Elizabeth, a daughter of Captain John Mansell of the 62nd Foot (the Wiltshire Regiment), subsequently a Knight of Windsor, who on the recommendation of Lord Liver- pool, Secretary of State for War and the Colonies (1809—12), was appointed ensign in the 62nd when seventeen years of age on 16 February, 1814. The family of Mansell, of which this officer was a mem- ber, has a very clear descent, as is well known, through that Jenkin Mansell who married Cecily, a grand- daughter of King Edward IV., from the famous John Mansell of the ' Council of Twelve ' in the reign of Henry III., and through him from the ' Famille de Mancel ' so renowned in Norman days, with origins in Norman dukes and Saxon kings. Elizabeth Man- sell his daughter, in a letter of the time written be- fore her marriage, is described as ' a genteel pretty girl and a good dancer.' It is more to the purpose that she was a painter of considerable merit, a gift which she inherited from her clever mother, and which has come down to her children and grandchildren.

Lieutenant Richard Frederick Angelo and his young wife sailed for India in July, 1830, and a few years saw them settled in the old city of Delhi, where Elizabeth unhappily died. She lies in the now disused cemetery of the old cantonment out in the wilder- ness beyond the historic Ridge, her tombstone re- cording her death-tale, namely that she died on 7 October, 1 840, aged thirty-six, the mournful day on which she gave birth to her last child, Marianne D'Oyley Angelo (who dying herself in 1 843 lies by her mother's side).2

1 Record ceases (Army Records, India Office).

2 Man. Insc.

66 THE ANCESTOR

Richard Frederick Angelo having attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel, died at Lucknow in 1854.

DEATH. — I3th Dec. 1854, at Lucknow died Lieut. Colonel Richard Angelo, 34th Bengal Infantry (G.M. vol. 43, p. 438).

His tomb, with many others, was utterly de- stroyed by the mutineers in 1857. His will bears date { 1 6 November, 1854.' He mentions his 'chil- dren, Emily, wife of John Blackburne Hawkes, Esq., Captain H.M.'s 3rd Light Dragoons ; Richard Fisher Angelo, Alfred Mansell Angelo, and Bessie Castell Angelo,' among whom he divides his estate equally. He appoints as principal executor his ' brother John Angelo, a Lt.-Colonel of Invalids, Bengal Establish- ment.'

His first child by Elizabeth Mansell was a girl deceased in infancy, and the following is the inscrip- tion on her tomb in the South Park Street Cemetery, Calcutta : —

Sacred to the memory of Adelaide Charity, infant daughter of Lieut. Richard and Mrs. Angelo, 34th Reg. N.I. Died I4th December 1832 aged 9 months and 25 days.

Emily was born at Churi Punji and baptized in Calcutta : —

Emily daughter of Richard Frederick Angelo, Lieut. 34th N.I. and Elizabeth his wife, born at Chooree Poonjee loth Dec. 1853, baptized at Calcutta 23rd January, 1834, by Henry Fisher, Senior Presidency Chaplain (Registers, Old St. John's, Calcutta).

She still lives (1903), the widow of Captain John Blundell Hawkes. Bessie Castell Angelo also still survives, and lives unmarried in Guernsey.

Of Colonel Richard Frederick Angelo's two sons, Richard Fisher and Alfred Manse!!, the latter perished prematurely in circumstances of unusual sadness, and his story therefore we shall treat of first.

This unfortunate young officer was born in India on 25 June, 1837. Having fulfilled the usual course at home, he landed in Calcutta full of promise, and was posted to the ist Native Infantry. Delhi how- ever had strong attractions for him. There he was born, and there lay all that was mortal of his gifted

THE ANGELO FAMILY 67

mother. To Delhi therefore he would go. At his own request he was transferred immediately from the ist Native Infantry to the 54th, then stationed at Delhi, and he was transferred the very month before the outbreak of the Mutiny, namely on 3 April, 1857.' Within six weeks he met his fate, and though no one knows the exact circumstances, they must have been as barbarous as most of the horrors of that doleful time. The following extract records the fact : —

DEATH. May I4th, 1857. Massacred, supposed by villagers, on his way to Meerut after escaping from Delhi, aged 19, Alfred Mansell Angela, Ensign 54th Bengal N.I., second and youngest son of the late Colonel Richard Angelo, 34th B.N.I., formerly Com- mandant of the Delhi Palace Guards (G.M. new ser. vol. 3, p. 465).

Richard Fisher Angela. We now come to the eldest son, still happily living, the only member of the Angelo family who has the glory of honourable mention in Kaye's and Malleson's History of the Indian Mutiny. He also was born in India, as the extract following shows : —

Richard Fisher Angelo son of Richard Frederick Angelo and of Bessie his wife, Captain 34th Native Infantry, born 3rd Sep- tember, 1835, baptized at Calcutta 2ist September, 1835, by me Henry Fisher, Senior Presidency Chaplain (Registers, Old St. John's, Calcutta).

Not five years old when his mother died, he re- mained with his father at Delhi, and going to Eng- land when scarcely fourteen was left there in charge of his aunt Charity Mansell, living at Hammersmith, when Colonel Angelo returned to duty in India in 1849. Nor did the two, father and son, ever meet again, for the son heard of the father's death at Aden about a month after the event when he was going out himself as an ensign in 1855. So sad are the chances of an Indian career !

Richard Fisher Angelo of the Bengal Staff Corps joined the old 4ist Native Infantry, the 'Dread- noughts,' as fifth ensign in 1855. Like his father and his uncles he had a very distinguished career,

1 Army Records, India Office.

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THE ANGELO FAMILY 69

winning to himself much glory for personal gallantry in the Indian Mutiny, particularly in the Rohilkand and Oude Expeditions of 1858, when he was doing duty with the First Punjab Infantry. He was pre- sent at the actions of Terai Forest, Nujidabad, Naghina, Moradabad, Dujra Nali, Bareilly, Shakje- haupur, Fort Banai, Mahumdi and Badian.1 On two occasions, at the sharply contested actions of Naghina and at Dujra Nali, he was recommended by his com- manding officer for the Victoria Cross, but the General under whom he was serving, 'Jones the Avenger,' refused to pass on his name. What was his reason ? The Victoria Cross had been only recently instituted, and undoubtedly, among many of the British officers of that time, a feeling which afterwards found strong expression in the Times in connection with this very case was said to prevail to the effect that the Vic- toria Cross, instituted during the Crimean War, was a reward and a decoration intended only for officers of the British Army, and not at all for officers of ' black regiments,' to adopt the disparaging language of the time. At any rate Lieutenant Richard Angelo's name was not passed on — he was simply told to ' do it again ' ! At Dujra Nali he did 'do it again,' his good fortune giving him another chance in an affair which demanded unusual resolution and singular gallantry. But again the general is said to have de- murred, on the ground that Angelo was the only officer whose name had been handed in for the coveted distinction. ' You cannot expect,' said he, 1 that I should forward a recommendation for a " black officer " (meaning an officer in a native regiment) when no " white officer " has been recommended.' And thus the youngster missed his well-earned reward the second time !

Just before Dujra Nali, however, namely at Mora- dabad, Richard Angelo's star had also shone benignly, and there also, by an act of exceptional gallantry, though he did not even then ' win his spurs,' he had challenged the admiration of the force. Kaye and

1 War Services, Official, July, 1895.

7o THE ANCESTOR

Malleson, nay, the General Commanding, shall pub- lish the story themselves, and if these pages should be read by Lord Roberts, the Commander-in-Chief, I trust that even now, though so late in the day, the chief actor in that historic scene may receive his due meed of reward for service so frankly and handsomely acknowledged.

In Kaye and Malleson's book, which will remain the standard work on the Indian Mutiny for many a year to come, Angelo's exploit at the assault and cap- ture of Moradabad on 26 April, 1858, is described as follows : —

In this affair Lieutenant Angelo greatly distinguished himself. Bursting open the door of one of the houses, he seized a prominent rebel leader and one of his sons. Whilst engaged in this work he was fired at from one of the upper rooms of the house. He at once rushed upstairs, forced the door of the room whence the firing had proceeded, and found himself face to face with seven armed men. Nothing daunted, he shot three of them with his revolver [which then jammed], and kept the remainder at bay with his sword till reinforced from below (vol. iv. p. 365).

The General's forwarded account of this affair is in a Despatch which is even more graphic, since it shows the relative position of the upper-storeyed room from which the firing proceeded. We quote it as published in the London Gazette of 28 July, 1858, merely remarking that Jones' brief note in forward- ing the report tallies well with his alleged refusal to back up the young officer's claims : —

From Brigadier General J. Jones, C.B. commanding the Roor- kee Field Force. Dated Camp, Moradabad, April 28th, 1858.

I would beg to draw the attention of His Excellency to the gallant conduct, as related in this report, of Lieutenant Richard Fisher Angelo, 1st Punjaub Infantry : —

[Report] The capture of the Nawab (Muja Khan) was effected by Lieutenant Angelo, doing duty with the 1st Punjaub Infantry, who deserves great credit for his spirited conduct on the occasion. This officer, having burst open the door of the room in which the Nawab and his sons were concealed and having captured them, was fired on by the guard of the Nawab, who were in a room in an upper storey commanding the house in which the Nawab was concealed. Lieutenant Angelo rushed up the narrow stairs leading to this room, burst open the door, and, single-handed, entered the room, shot

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THE ANGELO FAMILY 71

three men with his revolver, and, on being joined by some of his men, captured the rest of the guard.

On reading these authentic accounts of a most meritorious and gallant action, is there a single officer among all those brave men wearing the Victoria Cross this day who would not admit that for this one deed of daring Lieutenant Angelo richly deserved to wear it too ?

Lieutenant Richard Fisher Angelo remained with the ist Punjaub Infantry (Coke's Rifles) for three years, when the regiment (originally raised for only three months for some trifling frontier affair) was disbanded, the officers insisting on getting their dis- charge to enjoy their plunder at home. As Angelo's own regiment, the 4ist, had mutinied in 1857 at Etawa, he took up a course at the Civil Engineers' College at Roorkee, and joined the Public Works Department. In December, 1866, he resigned the Public Works, and in 1867 he was posted, strangely enough to the new 4ist (Gwalior) Infantry at Agra. He rejoined the Department of Public Works as Personal Assistant to the Chief Engineer, N.W. Pro- vinces, and on being relieved served successively in the 43rd (Assam) Light Infantry and the ist Native Infantry at Agra (1870). On i August, 1883, he retired from the service as Lieutenant-Colonel, and settled at Naini Tal.

Richard Fisher Angelo married at Christmas, 1863, Elizabeth, the daughter of James Tiernan, Chief Engineer of the British India Steam Navigation Com- pany. She was born at Bombay in 1 849. Her mother was of pure Armenian descent ; her maiden name was Alexander, and she was kinswoman of the Aratoru Apcars, the well-known Armenian merchants of Cal- cutta. Colonel Angelo's sons, all born in India, are : (i) Alfred ; (2) Richard, of the Burma Military Police, who served in the Burma War of 1886—7; (3) Frederick, of the British South African Constabu- lary, who went through the South African Campaign (1899-1902) ; and (4) Michael Angelo, now at school in Guernsey. He has also had several daughters, of whom Elizabeth, Louisa Oldfield, Dorothea, and

72 THE ANCESTOR

Florence are married, and Beatrice unmarried. The decline of his days he spends at the beautiful hill station of Mussoorie.

I have no precise information whatever regarding the families into which married the various daughters of Anthony Angelo Tremamondo. Two of them at least remained un- married, namely, Maria and Georgiana, who are said to have lived together, and it is curious and interesting to find that with them the discarded name ' Tremamondo ' remained up to a late period, as witness the following extract : —

ADMON. — Jan. 23rd, 1857, Maria Angelo Tremamondo, otherwise Maria Angelo, late of 6 St. George's Road, Shepherd's Bush, spinster, £4,000. Letters of administration granted to Rosalinda Helena Castell, widow, the natural and lawful sister, and one of the next of kin.

CHARLES SWYNNERTON.

OUR OLDEST FAMILIES X. THE BERKELEYS

house of Berkeley, although ancient, _ powerful, and rich, never attained in its greatest day to the first rank amongst the old English lords. But they remained always amongst the great barons of the land, and as house by house disappeared from the checker- board of history a rare distinction became theirs. The lord of Berkeley came to be the only English lord who still lived on in the castle which had sheltered his first forefathers, that castle being Berkeley itself, from which his race had drawn their name when surnames were first a-making.

After the conquest of England Berkeley is found in the hands of a family which farmed it from the Crown, and under whom the castle first rose. It is probable that there was a castle at Berkeley when Henry Beauclerk kept there his Easter in 1121, the guest of Roger of Berkeley. Roger's heir, another Roger who followed Stephen in the troublesome times, is named as the finisher of the first work, so that Berkeley may rank with those new castles which, filled with devils rather than men, moved to wailing the chronicler of those days of anarchy.

In the time of this Roger there dwelt at Bristol one Robert son of Harding, an alderman and a merchant, and a man of sound judgement in his political speculations. When Berkeley Castle was sending lances to the help of King Stephen, the money of this long-headed alderman was aiding the Empress Maude and her son Henry. Some two years before he came to an English throne Henry fitz Empress gave his enemy's castle of Berkeley, with its dependencies called Berkeley Her- ness, to Robert of Bristol, the son of Harding, and confirmed the gift under his seal when Stephen's death had made of him a king.

Four centuries later good Master John Smyth of Nibley, steward of the hundred of Berkeley, and for fifty years the

74 THE ANCESTOR

servant of its lords, sought for the birth and ancestry of Robert son of Harding, and leaves his seeking at the last with the word that ' the heades of great houses are often found as uncertaine as the beginnyngs of great rivers.'

There were those before Master Smyth who had set about their work with more assurance. The first pedigree of Robert's descendants of which we are made aware was framed by the learned John Trevisa, vicar of Berkeley in 1351. With him, so far as may be seen, begins the long accepted tale which would make the origin of the Berkeleys at once Danish, royal and improbable. Another churchman, John Newland, abbot of St. Austin's by Bristol from 1481 to 1515, takes up the parson's tale, and records for all time that Sir Robert fitz Harding was son and heir of Harding, which Harding was second son of the King of Denmark. All this in a document which judges of the common pleas under Elizabeth were to hold for ' an inestimable peece of evidence.' The presence of this Harding in Bristol is easily accounted for by a law of the land of Denmark, under which all younger sons of its kings, for the avoiding of wars of succession, were forced to leave their fatherland and take foreign service.

Master Smyth, with the good genealogical instinct of one who as steward of scores of manors had been wont to ask better evidence of ancestry than hearsay or an old tale, seeks in vain for the text of this harsh Danish law, and ferrets amongst the pedigrees of northern kings for a father for Harding. ' Some small labor,' he says, ' I lost in searching after the line of Squantiber the First,' yet Harding is at last left at the top of a pedigree which Master Smyth's conscience will not allow him to adorn with Squantiber's splendidly decorative name.

But Harding remains royally Danish, and rushes into Master Smyth's first paragraphs of the Lives of the Berkeleys : when 'to the rendevous of Duke William hasteth Harding a yonger sonne of the King of Denmarke.' Duty to the great house asked for nothing less, although the old steward remains uneasy, seeing that ' divers lerned gentlemen studious in antiquities ' have doubted the very existence of this eager prince- ling. But he comforts himself. Learned Camden believed the story, and industrious Stowe. The family believed it and so did the heralds, but with a book before us of pedigrees of the great and noble compiled by a herald of John Smyth's time we cannot believe that these officers were hard to persuade. In

OUR OLDEST FAMILIES 75

Master Smyth's opinion a good evidence was to be found over the gate of the monastery at Bristol where { an antient marmoriall inscription ' hailed King Henry II. and Sir Robert fitz Harding, filim regis Dacie as founders, but the date of the setting up of this marble is not inquired for. At the last Master Smyth leaves Harding and Squantiber with a wise saw: ' Boni venatoris est aliquid capere, non omnia. Hee is held a good Huntsman that can catch some game through not all.'

Even in the t ime of John Smyth of Nibley the eyes of genealogists were already upon a more probable father for Robert of Bristol than the King of Denmark's wandering son. Harding son of Alnod or Ealdnoth held in Domesday Book the manor of Meriet in Somerset. His son and heir Nicholas fitz Harding inherited his father's fief, which he certified in 1 1 66 to be two and a half knight's fees in Somerset. From this Nicholas descended the knightly family which took name from their manor of Meriet. Here at least was a west-county Harding to hand, and beyond him the possibility of another ancestor for whom one need not grope in cartularies — Eadnoth the staller, who had been killed two years after the conquest when leading the Somerset men against those sons of Harold who had raided the coast. The links are still unproven, for there were many thanes of this name, any one of whom might have been Harding's father.

Robert the son of Harding remains, a younger son, if we take him for son of Harding son of Alnod, yet the father of great barons whose name would endure when the Somerset- shire knights sprung from Nicholas son of Harding would be long dead and forgotten by all but pedigree-makers. And Robert son of Harding is more than a name and a date. The Bristol trade fills his coffers, his money goes to the making of a king, and his name travels far from Bristol. When King Diarmaid Macmurchada, who has carried off the wife of the lord of Breifne, comes barelegged and saffron cloaked to Bristol on his way to ask help against the Irish chieftains who would have no more of him, he is guest of Robert the Rich. The alderman's banner flies over Berkeley keep, and he pre- pares for heaven at the last with stately providence, founding an abbey that he may die canon therein. Under the stalls of his abbey of St. Austin he is buried in 1170, and his wife Eve, who has herself died prioress of a priory of nuns of her own founding, is laid beside him.

76 THE ANCESTOR

Before his death peace was made with the dispossessed Berkeleys of Berkeley, who had been restored by Henry II. to their honour of Dursley. Roger the heir of that house married a daughter of Robert son of Harding, and Maurice, son and heir of Robert, took to wife Alice, Roger's sister. This older line of Berkeley l continued at Coberley until the reign of Henry IV., when a daughter of them took their lands by marriage to the family of Brydges.

Maurice of Berkeley, son and heir of Robert son of Harding, by reason of his marriage with Alice of the old Berkeleys is surnamed by John Smyth * the Make-peace, ' even as for every Berkeley after him the old steward has a nickname ready. He had two sons, and the new Berkeleys who rose by the favour of the house of Anjou begin early to be thorns in the side of the kings of that line. Robert, the elder son of Maurice, was a justiciar of King John, but turned against him with the rebellious barons, and being pardoned once, lost Berkeley Castle itself on a second rebellion. In the first year of Henry III. he was restored to all his lands save Berkeley, of which he died dispossessed.

The fortune of Berkeley has more than once brought a second son to repair the work of his elder. Maurice's brother Thomas is surnamed ' the Observer or Temporizer ' by Master Smyth. He observed, he temporized, and in 1223 had Berkeley back again and dwelt therein for twenty years in peace, but Berkeley was again in jeopardy under his son Maurice ' the Resolute.' This Maurice was married to Isabel de Creoun, whose mother was Isabel de Valence, the king's sister, but this kinship with the Crown did not hinder him from coming in arms with the barons against King Henry III. He died in 1281 and Thomas his second son succeeded him, Maurice the elder son having been killed two years before at a Kenilworth tournament.

Thomas of Berkeley the heir, called Thomas the Wise by Master Smyth, might better have been styled Thomas the Soldier. As a lad he was at the field of Evesham in the barons' host and came away safe and sound. After this he

1 From Roger, their first founder, the pedigree-mongers have decided to trace the Scottish family of Barclay of Mathers and Urie, whom the clumsy Scottish heralds have fitted out nevertheless with a differenced version of the arms of the second family of Berkeley, and with their mitre crest, first borne by Thomas, lord of Berkeley, who died in 1361.

OUR OLDEST FAMILIES 77

became the king's man and had thirty marks for the warhorse he lost before Kenilworth. He was in the Welsh wars and in the wars of France. His banner was at Falkirk field and at the siege of Carlaverock, and he was one of the great barons who sealed the famous letter to the pope. At Bannockburn his luck failed, and we may believe that the Scots knights swooped eagerly upon their rich prize when the red and white banner went down. For his redemption the lands of Berkeley paid a sum which must have rejoiced many an envious Scottish heart. His long life in harness ended as it began with rebellion, for he died in 1321 a partisan of Lancaster against the king.

His two sons Maurice and John had long followed him in the field, the poet of Carlaverock seeing Maurice's banner of the arms of Berkeley borne with a blue label ' because his father was alive.' Maurice was a jouster and haunter of tournaments and Smyth has c the Magnanimous' for his sur- name. Like his father he went to the wars with sons at his back — Thomas, Maurice and John — and like his father he joined in the sturdy treason of Lancaster, for which reason Berkeley was again taken into the king's hand, whilst the Lord Maurice lay a prisoner in Wallingford hold, where he died in 1326. His second and third sons founded cadet houses of their name and Thomas the heir succeeded.

Thomas is Thomas the Rich and, in some measure, Thomas the Lucky. With his father and grandfather he was up against the king and the Despenser and fell into strong lodgings in the Tower of London. Here he broke prison, but was taken again and caged at Berkhamsted and Pevensey. But the times were changing. The queen and the young Prince of Wales brought him freedom in 1326 and he was soon at home again in Berkeley Castle whence the young Despenser was lately fled.

The next year was the black year for Berkeley. The deed done there in 1327 is remembered to this day by every one who speaks the name of Berkeley, although its lord's hands were clean of that wickedness. King Edward II. was brought to Berkeley Castle and committed to the Lord Thomas with an allowance of five pounds daily so long as he should remain guest and prisoner. But the Lord Thomas was too mild a gaoler, and more than a gaoler he would not be. There were those who were willing where he was loath, and Maltravers andGurney, first and second murderers, came to the castle, whilst Thomas Berkeley

F

78 THE ANCESTOR

' with heavy cheer ' rode away to his manor house of Bradley. He was there whilst murder was done at Berkeley, murder in such hideous shape that we think of it less as the death of a king — kings fall in the history book unwept as chess pieces — than as the death of a forlorn man who dies screaming.

The Lord Thomas was a soldier like all his line. He fought in Scotland, and the Douglas who laid ambush for him by night fled from the Berkeley lances with only three survivors of his adventure. But his chief service was in France, whither he went as a great lord with six knights, two and thirty squires, thirty mounted archers and two hundred a-foot. He was at Calais and Cressy in 1346, and on his next journey to France was one of the leaders of the English at the crowning mercy of Poictiers, from which field he led away so many prisoners, that he is said to have rebuilt his castle of Beverstone out of their ransoms.

Young as the Berkeleys came to the field, none surely saw war earlier than Maurice the next lord, who was knighted when he followed his father to Scotland, being then aged seven years. The next year the child was wedded to a daughter of the Despensers, the old enemies of the house. He lived to fight under his father at Poictiers, where he took wounds of which he is said to have died long after in 1368.

His eldest son Thomas, called the Magnificent by his historian, followed the family calling of war, and kept the red and white banner of Berkeley a familiar thing in France and Spain, Scotland and Wales. When the King of France sent ships and men to the aid of Owain of Glyndwr the Lord Berkeley fought them as they lay in Milford Haven. His marriage was a great one, with the heir of the Lord Lisle, but from this marriage came the woes of the Berkeleys for many generations to come.

His heir male, James Berkeley, followed him in his inherit- ance of Berkeley, but Berkeley was in the hands of his cousin Elizabeth, daughter of the last lord. In her hands too were the muniments and evidences of Berkeley, and she was married to the right famous lord Richard Beauchamp, the great Earl of Warwick, against whom James Berkeley, a knight so poor that he must needs pawn the plate of his chapel for two and twenty marks, could plead nothing but his lawful right.

Law and right, however, prevailed, their course being made easier by a thousand marks paid at a telling moment into the hands of the good duke Humphrey of Gloucester, and the

OUR OLDEST FAMILIES 79

Beauchamp sullenly withdrew from the castle. But Berkeley had not seen the last of the Beauchamps, who came before its walls and sieged it again and again, rattling the roofs of the little town about the heads of its townsmen. The feud was carried on at law by the next generation, the coheir of Beauchamp being wife to the great Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, so that the quarrel fell into hands eager for quarrels at home and abroad. The ladies of both factions cast themselves in the suit, fought and suffered, the wife of the Lord Berkeley, although a Mowbray and a coheir of the Duke of Norfolk, dying a prisoner in Gloucester Castle.

In 1453 William Berkeley, 'the Waste All,' succeeded as lord of Berkeley. In his day fell that strange battle of Nibley Green. For a while there had been peace between Talbot and Berkeley, for the aged Shrewsbury had fallen gloriously on a field of France and with him his son, young John Talbot, the Lord Lisle. A son of the Berkeleys had come by his end at the same time, and the heir of Lisle was a child.

But when my young Lord Lisle came to the manly age of nineteen years he wrote a letter to his cousin William of Berkeley, ' William called lord Berkeley ' as he preferred to style him, proffering him a meeting at some place half way between his own manor house of Wotton and Berkeley Castle, where all feuds might be ended with their own hands. But William was of middle age, and by no means eager to set his cause upon the push of a lance. He answered young Lisle's letter in meet terms, deriding his new title of viscount, ' a new found thing,' and making tryst to meet him with ' a tenth part of his power.' It is evident that this last phrase the Lord William cast in but as a graceful boast, for the Berkeley's men came to the banner from far and wide. A thousand men came in, miners from the Forest of Dean and archers who had seen oversea fighting. Berkeley's brother Maurice left his young wife and infant son and brought in his Thornbury men, and beside him Philip Mead, wife's father to Maurice, led Bristol citizens to the aid of the house of Robert fitz Hard- ing of Bristol.

The lad Lisle's forces were met at Nibley Green and scat- tered from an ambush. An arrow of Black Will from Dean Forest took the young viscount in the face, and a dagger ended him. The Berkeleys followed the rout as far as his manor of Wotton, which they sacked and plundered, the fear

8o THE ANCESTOR

of them bringing the Lady Lisle to bed of a dead son, the last of his house.

This battle of Nibley Green, the last private war in Eng- land, was fought in such a year and month that William of Berkeley had never to answer for it before the law. There was a rising in Yorkshire, the Nevilles were leaving the king, and the only writ which reached Berkeley was one making its lord a commissioner to search out disaffected people in his country side. From all the troubles of the nation William of Berkeley held apart. To his barony he strung new titles. He was Earl of Nottingham in 1483. After Bosworth he was Earl Marshal, and to that title was added a marquessate of Berkeley. Half the great estates of the Norfolks and Fitzalans were his, yet in 149^ he justified Master Smyth's nickname by dying in the sanctuary of Westminster without silver to pay his servants' wages.

Again the fortune of Berkeley brought a younger son to repair the elder's folly. Maurice ' the Lawyer ' succeeded his brother. Within seven years he had recovered for himself fifty manors illegally alienated by the waste-all lord, and though Berkeley was in strange hands his son and heir, another Maurice, had wherewithal to ruffle it at that costly court of Henry VIII. and to earn from Master Smyth the title of ' the Courtier.' This younger Maurice was followed by his brother Thomas, who was so little of a courtier that although once a soldier, as all the Berkeleys were, and made knight at Flodden, his whole care was to live ' a kind of grazier's life, having his flock of sheep sommering in one place and wintering in other places, as hee observed the feilds and pastures to bee found and could bargain but cheape ' — one of those shepherd lords, in fact, whom contemporary Englishmen held for the curse of their land.

There comes now to the Berkeley family that change of lite which the Tudor rule brought to the great houses. Any Berkeley of the middle ages will fill a page with the story of his reign at Berkeley and his part in the wars for and against his king. The lives of the Berkeleys shrink to pedigree entries of birth, marriage and death. Thomas the Hopeful, Henry the Harmless, George the Traveller — they pass and make no sign. The one great event for them is the end in 1 609 of the great Berkeley lawsuit which had cursed and blessed the house for nearly two centuries, since the death of Thomas the Mag-

OUR OLDEST FAMILIES 81

nificent. The suit had vexed and impoverished them indeed, but had the Berkeleys been at Berkeley Castle with a full money chest and no private quarrel, their violent blood would have made them strike into the wars of the Roses, and they would have perished with the rest of the ancient baronage.

An earldom of Berkeley came in 1679 to George, Lord Berkeley, one of the peers who had invited King Charles to return. The maker of romance will grieve to read that this degenerate Berkeley gave a theological library to Sion College and was author of a religious tract widely read in its day. As at the right moment he who had suffered the commonwealth peacefully was ready to declare for King Charles, so when to the eyes of competent observers of the times King James's cup was full my lord was a subscriber to the declaration of assist- ance to be given to the Prince of Orange. His daughter Henrietta relieved the dulness of the family history by eloping with her sister Mary's husband, the wicked Lord Grey of Warke.

James, the third earl, was on the quarter-deck of the Boyne when Sir George Rooke fought the French off Malaga, and died Vice-Admiral of Great Britain. The fourth earl com- manded a regiment raised in the '45 against the Pretender, but it does not appear that he marched that regiment to Culloden. His son Frederick Augustus, fifth Earl ot Berkeley, a sports- man and a mighty hunter of the hare, made history of a squalid sort by marrying in 1796 Mary Cole, the daughter of a Gloucestershire publican and butcher, who had already borne him four sons and two daughters. The mad fancy took Earl Frederick Augustus to legitimatize these children by the story of an earlier marriage at Berkeley in 1785. For this a parish register was produced with an entry of the marriage in the recognizable handwriting of the earl. For the marriage at Lambeth in 1796 as 'bachelor and spinster' no valid reason was alleged. More children had followed the marriage of 1796, but my lord cut off shillingless any child or legatee of his who should question the marriage of 1785. So it came to pass that the sixth Earl of Berkeley lived and died as Mr. Berkeley. The Earl of Berkeley of to-day is the eighth earl, but the ancient barony of Berkeley passed to Mrs. Milman, niece of the sixth earl, and Berkeley Castle is the seat of a Berkeley, Lord Fitz Hardinge by a patent of 1861.

O. B.

82 THE ANCESTOR

HUMPHREY CHETHAM1

FOR the studiously inclined no more attractive resort could well be imagined than Chetham's Library on a bright summer day. In the very centre of bustling modern Manchester, an arched doorway in the stone wall opens into the comparative seclusion of a courtyard, peopled with boys in picturesque costume of blue, after the fashion of a bygone generation. On the further side is a range of buildings in the style of the fifteenth century. This is Chetham's Hos- pital. The library occupies a wing on the left hand. Passing through a wicket and up the stairs, the visitor finds himself in a long gallery, filled with range upon range of tall oaken presses. At the end of a shorter gallery at right angles to the first is the reading room. Here is a haven of repose from the heat and glare of the streets, the turmoil, the grime and the din. Shafts of light from an oriel window are reflected by richly panelled walls and dark antique furniture. Over the carved fireplace is the founder's portrait. A striking head it is, and excellently reproduced, framed in white rufF and embroidered cap ; with great hooked nose and eagle eyes, high cheekbones, a wide firm mouth and strong prominent chin, the lines scarcely softened and no way disguised by the thin beard.

Here, it is said, at the point where Irk flows into Irwell, once stood the castle of the Norman barons of Manchester. From Grelle the inheritance passed in the fourteenth century to de la Warre. The last male of this latter house was church- man first and baron afterwards. Before succeeding to his brother's hall and lordship, he had been rector of the church hard by ; and having no heirs to say him nay, he turned his rectory into a college or corporation, consisting of a master or

1 Life of Humphrey Chetham, Founder of the Cbetham Hospital and Library, Manchester, by the late Francis Robert Raines, M.A., F.S.A., vicar of Miln- row and hon. canon of Manchester Cathedral, and Charles W. Sutton, M.A., hon. secretary of the Chetham Society ; with a Genealogy of the Chetham Family, by Ernest Axon : two volumes. Manchester : Printed for the Chet- ham Society (new series, vols. 49, 50), 1903.

HUMPHREY CHETHAM 83

warden and eight priests, and dismantled the baronial halls of his ancestors to house them. Two centuries passed. The baron's foundation had, in mutilated form, survived the re- formation ; but only to outlive its use and purpose. Scandals and bickerings were rife. The revenues were grievously mis- managed ; the warden and fellows had ceased to reside. Hum- phrey Chetham in his lifetime exerted himself to reform and remodel the institution ; and its buildings, which had been for a century in possession of the Stanleys, were purchased after his death by his executors and feoffees. From that time they have been the home of a new foundation, better suited to the age.

Thus has time brought his revenges. The third and latest founder, to whose work the baron's hall and the churchman's college have given place, sprang of a line which flourished there, it is believed, before ever the Norman came. Man- chester possesses other fine libraries now ; but that founded by Chetham has still its place, and a charm that none can boast. Moreover during the last century it became the home of a learned body, which has published already above eight score volumes upon the history and antiquities of the sur- rounding districts, and still promises more. The society adopted, as was fitting, Chetham's name ; and has at length, after many delays, issued a biography of the founder, the materials being drawn chiefly from his own papers, a rich col- lection of which has long been among the treasures upon his shelves.

Cheetham is the name of a township lying a mile or two to the northward, within the ancient bounds of Manchester parish. Canon Raines calls it also parcel of the barony ; but in the next sentence states, more correctly, that it was held in thanage, in King John's time, by Roger (not Robert) de Mid- dleton, lord also of that manor. In 1210 Henry de Chetam was his undertenant; holding also four bovates of land in chief, in thanage, the locality of which is not stated.1 To Henry succeeded Sir Geoffrey de Chetam, perhaps his son, sheriff of the county 1259-61. The latter was dead in 1274, leaving a widow called Margery de Greyleye,2 but no issue.

At a later date his manors of Cheetham and Crompton were

1 Knight's fee |. Testa di Nevil.

3 In 1276. Assize Roll 405, m. 3d.

84 THE ANCESTOR

held, in moieties, by families named Chetham and Pilkington. To account for their several estates, Mr. Axon has adopted a theory that Sir Geoffrey had two sisters, Alice wife of Alex- ander de Pilkington,1 and Christian wife of Sir Richard de Trafford, from whom he derives the later house of Chetham. For the first of these ladies he produces no evidence at all. The second does occur, in a fine of 1278, as wife of William de Hackyng, or de la Hackyng, holding dower of the Traf- ford inheritance in Stretford, Chorlton and Withington. But if she was previously married to TrafFord, it does not follow that she was mother of his children, or all of them. By another fine, of the same term, she and her husband assure to Geoffrey de Chaderton a moiety of the two manors above mentioned, with property in Sholver, Coventry, Manchester, Aston, Chorlton, Withington, Middleton, Wolstanholme and Butterworth, subject to a heavy rent to Christiana during her life.

Further evidence, of which none of the editors seem to have been aware, is found in the great assize roll of I292.2 At this date another Christian, wife of William son of Robert de Staynringes, was claiming, as heir of Geoffrey de Chetham, one third of a messuage and appurtenances in Manchester from Geoffrey de Chaderton and Roger de Pilkington on a writ of mart tfancestre ; but was defeated upon an error in the writ, which described the deceased as her brother instead of her uncle. In a second suit, she claims, as heir of Geoffrey de Bracebridge her brother, a messuage, 60 acres of land, 30 acres of meadow, 30 acres of wood, 100 acres of pasture, and rents of i8*/. and four barbed arrows in Sholver from the same Geoffrey and Roger (who were tenants of the messuage and land), Adam de Himpetres or del Impetres, William son of Henry de Oldom, and Robert atte Hulle (who between them owed the rents). The principal defendants produced a grant and quitclaim by Christiana and her husband ; and after hear- ing the witnesses therein named, the jury found for the deed, and judgment was given for the defendants.

The Bracebridges were originally from Lincolnshire. A

1 Mr. Farrer (Lane. Fines, ii. 35») alleges that Roger de Pilkington married Ellen, sister of Sir Geoffrey de Chetham ; and that the manors of Cheetham and Crompton descended to their son Alexander, but gives no evidence for that statement.

2 Assize Roll 408, mm. n, i;d.

HUMPHREY CHETHAM 85

good deal earlier Robert de Bracebridge had a grant from Albert de Grelle of land of his demesne in Manchester, still held by his heirs in 1210.' Geoffrey de Bracebridge occurs in 1284, 1285 and 1288." From the assize roll of 1292, al- ready cited, we learn that he had a wife Ermelina ; for her executors, Herbert de Grelle and Geoffrey son of Geoffrey de Chaderton, were suing his executors, Geoffrey de Chaderton and Henry de Trafford. It seems that he also left a widow named Ellen, who was at the same time suing Trafford.8 Christian apparently had a daughter named Margery, who married Adam de Rossendale ; and they sued the same defend- ants in 1 306, under a writ of mart tfancestre, for the property she had claimed, now described as two messuages, 1 60 acres £ rood of land, 40 acres of meadow, 40 acres of wood, and the rents as above. The jury found that Geoffrey de Brace- bridge, Margery's uncle, died thereof seised ; and judgment was given against Geoffrey de Chaderton for one messuage and half the lands, the rents excepted ; the other defendants escaping on technical pleas.4 Litigation however still went on ; and it would seem that Margery wife of Robert de Ash- ton, who was suing Chadertons, Pilkingtons and the rest in 1313, was the same person. With all reserve therefore I put forward the following pedigree, as the more probable account of Chetham's heirs : —

Henry de Chetham, 1210, 1227

M [,']

Sir Geoffrey de Chetham= Margery de ... dc = Christian sitter and = William de

1235, dead 1274, s.p. Grelle, 1276 Bracebridge I heir [m. 2 ?] Sir Hacking,

] Richard de Trafford 1278

.

:lina = Geoffr

2

Ermelina=Geortrey de Bracebridge=EUen Christian wife of William de Staynringes

1284-8, dead 1290, s.p. 1292 1292, heir to her brother and uncle

Margery wife of Adam de Rossendale 1306-10, heir to her unck- =

^%

1 Testa de Ntv'tl.

3 Assize Rolls 1265, m. zjd. ; 1268, m. 26 ; 1277, m. 31.

3 Ibid. 408, m. 7T,,placita qucrelarum, m. 2, fines and amere. m. 10.

' Ibid. 420, m. 9. For the issue of Margery see Lane. Fines, ii. 3.

86 THE ANCESTOR

Canon Raines' statement, that Geoffrey de Chadderton had received his estate in Cheetham from his father Richard de Traffbrd, involves perhaps a double error. The evidence, as we have seen, is that he acquired it from Christian de Hacking ; and, for aught that appears, by purchase.1 Moreover the first Geoffrey de Chaderton,* son of Sir Richard, had a son Geoffrey, who was very probably party to the fine of 1278. The younger Geoffrey at any rate held the Chetham estates in 1292, and also in 1317, when by two deeds he settled a con- siderable portion of them, namely the moiety of his manor of Crompton and a certain part of his lands in Sholler, upon Cecily daughter of William le Bagger of Crompton, and her sons Gilbert and Thomas. Nearly sixty years later these settlements gave rise to a lawsuit, the record of which supplies direct evidence of the descent of the later Chethams. The lady was, no doubt, the Cecily who occurs elsewhere as wife of Adam, the grantor's son and heir apparent ; and her son the Gilbert de Chaderton of I355-3 Apparently the settlements were ill drawn ; for the effect of them was to carry the settled property out of her husband's family to the lady's collateral heirs, after the death of her two sons without issue. Henry de Crompton, the plaintiff in 1376, was son of Robert brother of Cecily. The principal defendant was Thomas son of John de Chetam, cousin and heir of Geoffrey de Chaderton, namely son of John, son of Adam, son of the said Geoffrey. John son of Adam de Chaderton, named as a witness to the disputed deeds, was no doubt defendant's father, and son of Adam by a former wife.4 We thus get a pedigree of the second house of Chetham, as follows : —

1 How Pilkington's estate was acquired, I am not aware of any evidence to show. There seems no reason to assume that it was by inheritance either. There is no mention of coparcenery in the records cited ; and no distinction apparently between the estate of Pilkington and that of Chaderton.

2 The date of his death I have not been able to fix. It took place before 1292, when Henry, his son and heir, had succeeded. Geoffrey, one of his younger sons, and Geoffrey son of Geoffrey, occur together then and at later dates. The Chadertons were a numerous family, and their pedigree is very obscure ; for the generations overlap, and the same Christian names are re- peated again and again.

3 Assize Roll, Due. Lane. 4. Cecily was still living in 1346.

4 Ibid. 1485 m. 19. There are numerous defendants, including Robert son of John de Chetam, and Ellen daughter of John de Chetam. Cecily is called « mother ' of John in one deed (Raines MSS. in the Chetham Library,

HUMPHREY CHETHAM 87

Sir Richard dc Trafford, tucc. 1121

I

Henry de Trafford of Trafford Geoffrey de Chaderton, dead 1292

son and heir=

,

Henry de Chaderton of Chaderton . . . = Geoffrey de Chaderton of Chetham=Joanl son and heir, 1291= I Crompton, etc., 1292, 1317

^^

I

= Adam de Chaderton = Cecily dau. of William le Bagger Geoffrey

1 ion and heir I of Crompton, 1317-46

John de Chetham, son and Gilbert Thomas

heir occurs 1317, dead 1376 s.p. s.p.

r			1
Thomas de Chetham	Robert	Ellen
1376 =	1376	1376
A

The descendants of Thomas were for many generations seated at Nuthurst, a freehold property in or near Cheetham, granted to Geoffrey son of Richard de Trafford by William de Eccles clerk, who had interests also in Whickleswick.* He in- herited it from a brother Thomas, grantee of Henry de Chetam. The purchaser seems to have made it a younger son's portion. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries a branch of the family were tenants in Crumpsall, at the northern extremity of the township of Cheetham, and with them we are more particularly concerned.

Humphrey Chetham was the fifth son of Henry Chetham of Crumpsall gentleman, who held Crumpsall by lease from Prestwich of Hulme, with freeholds of his own inheritance in KersaJ, Ashton and Manchester. He was baptized at the collegiate church of Manchester 10 July 1580; and in due course apprenticed, as his eldest brother James had been, to

xxiv. f. 293), but that must mean stepmother, or her nephew could not be her heir at law.

1 Stepmother of Adam, in a deed of 26 Edw. I. (Raines MSS. xxiv. f. 293).

1 Anctitor, iv. 208.

88 THE ANCESTOR

Samuel Tipping of Manchester linen draper, with whose family he was connected by marriage. After his apprenticeship, his father having died, and left him £40 for his portion, he spent some time with his elder brother George, a former apprentice of George Tipping, who was in business in London.1 Then the returned, and established himself at Manchester, trading here in partnership with George Chetham in London, until shortly before the latter's death, which took place at the end of 1626. Their business was chiefly in fustians, 'cottons,' and other textiles, already the staple product of Manchester, Bolton and the surrounding district. The business prospered. When the partnership was renewed in 1619, their joint stock was valued at £10,000 ; and his brother's death without children left the whole of it in Humphrey's hands. Instead of taking a new partner, he entered into an arrangement with George Chetham, his eldest brother's eldest son, who took up his residence in the firm's London house as his uncle's agent or factor.

Of these and other details his biographer presents a some- what bald narrative, interspersed with extracts from the Chetham papers. To produce a work of art, to make the dead live again, to carry us back with him to times long past, diligence is not enough ; a writer must have at his command knowledge, imagination, literary skill. Chetham's commercial and public career began in the first years of the Stuart dynasty, and lasted until the Commonwealth. Those papers of his, the corre- spondence with his partner, agent and friends in London, must surely reflect and illustrate more fully the public events of the day. The partnership accounts, full and methodical as they are said to be, should offer a rare opportunity to the historian of commerce. With their aid he might lift for us the veil, and show the thriving merchant in his home and in his counting- house, trace again the course of business in a bygone age, and describe one stage in the growth of a great industrial com- munity. We may hope that more will yet be made of this material.

Like most successful traders, we find Chetham investing a part of his profits in real estate. In 1621 the partners were joint purchasers of Clayton Hall, with the park, manor, and

1 George is several times described as citizen and grocer ; but Canon Raines makes him a member of the Merchant Taylors' Company.

HUMPHREY CHETHAM 89

mill, and property in Failsworth, Droylsden, Manchester, Ashton and Woodhouses. This estate, long the seat of the Byrons, was settled upon the survivor, and thus accrued to Humphrey six years afterwards. In the interval he had ac- quired other lands in the same neighbourhoods. In 1628 he purchased Turton Tower, the seat of the Orrells, with the manor, mill and lands, and a private chapel in Bolton church, which it was found necessary to restore. These manors, with lands in Harwood, Westleigh, and Horwich, and in Bolton nigh Bolland, county York, being himself childless, he settled before his death upon his nephew George, heir of Crumpsall, and head of that branch of the family. Upon Edward Chetham, George's brother, he settled also a considerable landed estate in Ordsal, Pendleton and Salford, which was a later purchase from the Radcliffes. At the time of his death the lands of Banester of Brightmet and of Tatton of Withen- shaw in Cheshire were in his possession as mortgagee. The apologies of his biographer for such transactions were surely uncalled for.

College leases were another form of investment that proved attractive. It was as a lessee apparently, in the first instance, that he became involved in the unseemly disputes of the collegiate body, in which money matters and ecclesiastical differences were curiously mingled. The account given of these is anything but clear. Richard Johnson was elected a fellow in 1632, and was shortly afterwards engaged in pressing his side of the question before the archbishop and the Privy Council. In all this he was supported by Chetham, with money, apparently, as well as with encouragement and advice. Their efforts proved successful in the end. Warden Murray was ousted, and a new charter obtained, with more stringent statutes. It says much for the conscientiousness and public spirit of the man that some years later, when Johnson, his friend and con- fidant, showed some reluctance to quit his fellowship upon be- coming Master of the Temple, he wrote strongly to enforce the duty of prompt resignation. The incident passed without im- pairing their good relations ; and the Master lived to take an active part among his old friend's feoffees, and to be his first librarian.

The ownership of land brought other responsibilities. In 1631 Chetham was among those who were fined for refusing knighthood. Three years later he was chosen sheriff of the

90 THE ANCESTOR

county, an office he by no means coveted, and received his commission in November. At this time the difficulties of the king's government were growing acute. The first writs for ship money, directed to the ports and maritime counties, had been issued a few weeks earlier. Next autumn followed the second levy upon the whole kingdom, the duty of assessment and collection being thrown upon the sheriffs. What view Humphrey Chetham took upon politics generally, or of this particular measure, we are not told. He set about his thank- less task in prompt and businesslike fashion. A fair assess- ment was speedily made ; and in